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CCE and EODF as two distinct non-shivering thermogenesis models inducing weight loss

  • Integrative Physiology
  • Published:
Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Increasing energy expenditure and reducing energy intake are considered two classical methods to induce weight loss. Weight loss through physical methods instead of drugs has been a popular research topic nowadays, but how these methods function in adipose and cause weight loss in body remains unclear. In this study, we set up chronic cold exposure (CCE) and every-other-day fasting (EODF) as two distinct models in long-term treatment to induce weight loss, recording their own characteristics in changes of body temperature and metabolism. We investigated the different types of non-shivering thermogenesis induced by CCE and EODF in white and brown adipose tissue through sympathetic nervous system (SNS), creatine-driven pathway, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)–adiponectin axis. CCE and EODF could reduce body weight, lipid composition, increase insulin sensitivity, promote the browning of white fat, and increase the expression of endogenous FGF21 in adipose tissue. CCE stimulated the SNS and increased the thermogenic function of brown fat, and EODF increased the activity of protein kinase in white fat. In this study, we further explained the thermogenic mechanism function in adipose and metabolic benefits of the stable phenotype through physical treatments used for weight loss, providing more details for the literature on weight loss models.

Graphical Abstract

The influence on metabolism, non-shivering thermogenesis, endogenous FGF21, and ADPN changes in the long-term treatment of distinct methods (increasing energy expenditure and decreasing energy intake) to induce weight loss

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Data Availability

The data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request

Abbreviations

CCE:

Chronic cold exposure

EODF:

Every-other-day fasting

UCP-1:

Uncoupling protein-1

iBAT:

Interscapular brown adipose tissue

eWAT:

Epididymal white adipose tissue

NADR:

Noradrenaline

SNS:

Sympathetic nervous system

FGF21:

Fibroblast growth factor 21

ADPN:

Adiponectin

TC:

Total cholesterol

TG:

Triglycerides

CK:

Creatine kinase

FFA:

Free fatty acids

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Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82170751, 32102634), the Fund for Shanxi “1331 Project” (No. 20211331–16, 20211331–13, 20211331–12), the “Six New” Project of Agriculture and Rural Department of Shanxi Province, the Young Science Foundation of Shanxi province, China (Grant No. 201901D211368, No.20210302124700), the Start-Up Fund for doctoral research, Shanxi Agricultural University (Grant No. 2018YJ46, 2021BQ08), the Shanxi Province Excellent Doctoral Work Award-Scientific Research Project (Grant No. SXYBKY2019001, SXBYKY2021043), and the Innovation Projects of College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University (Grant No. DY-M007).

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  1. Tianyi Xu and Juan Wang contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People’s Republic of China

    Tianyi Xu, Hongwei Shi, Xiaofang Wei, Huiling Zhang, Yunyan Ji, Yi Yan, Xiuju Yu, Xiaomao Luo & Haidong Wang

  2. Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hosptial, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, People’s Republic of China

    Juan Wang

  3. School of Foreign Languages, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People’s Republic of China

    Shiting Lu

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Contributions

Haidong Wang and Tianyi Xu conceived and designed the experiments. Tianyi Xu and Shiting Lu drafted the manuscript. Tianyi Xu and Juan Wang performed the experiments. Tianyi Xu, Huiling Zhang, Xiaofan Wei, Hongwei Shi, Yunyan Ji, Yi Yan, Xiaomao Luo, and Xiuju Yu processed and analyzed the data, and contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Xu, T., Wang, J., Shi, H. et al. CCE and EODF as two distinct non-shivering thermogenesis models inducing weight loss. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 475, 961–974 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-023-02827-7

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