Abstract
The maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) assessed during a graded exercise test is a remarkable physiological indicator associated with metabolic flexibility, body weight loss and endurance performance. The present review considers existing biomarkers related to MFO, highlighting the validity of maximal oxygen uptake and free fatty acid availability for predicting MFO in athletes and healthy individuals. Moreover, we emphasize the role of different key enzymes and structural proteins that regulate adipose tissue lipolysis (i.e., triacylglycerol lipase, hormone sensitive lipase, perilipin 1), fatty acid trafficking (i.e., fatty acid translocase cluster of differentiation 36) and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (i.e., citrate synthase and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes II–V) on MFO variation. Likewise, we discuss the association of MFO with different polymorphism on the ACE, ADRB3, AR and CD36 genes, identifying prospective studies that will help to elucidate the mechanisms behind such associations. In addition, we highlight existing evidence that contradict the paradigm of a higher MFO in women due to ovarian hormones activity and highlight current gaps regarding endocrine function and MFO relationship.
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Abbreviations
- ACE:
-
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
- AR:
-
Androgen receptor
- ATGL:
-
Adipose triacylglycerol lipase
- β-AR3 :
-
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
- CD36:
-
Fatty acid translocase cluster of differentiation 36
- CPT1:
-
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
- CRF:
-
Cardiorespiratory fitness
- CS:
-
Citrate synthase
- FATmax:
-
Exercise intensity corresponding to maximal fat oxidation
- FFA:
-
Free fatty acids
- FFM:
-
Fat-free mass
- HIIT:
-
High-intensity interval training
- HSL:
-
Hormone-sensitive lipase
- IMTG:
-
Intramuscular triglycerides
- MFO:
-
Maximal fat oxidation
- MitoVD :
-
Mitochondrial volume density
- OXPHOS:
-
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity
- VO2max :
-
Maximal oxygen uptake
- VO2peak :
-
Peak oxygen uptake
- VT:
-
Ventilatory threshold
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Ed Maunder and Dr. Jacob Frandsen who kindly provided supplementary data regarding some of their studies and gave their consent for publication in this review. IACG was supported by a Ph.D scholarship (859438) from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT). However, the institution did not participate in the manuscript preparation.
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IACG and FJAM conceived the main idea for the review. RPHT, ARJ and EGR participated in data extraction, analysis and interpretation. The first draft of the manuscript was written by IACG. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript, read and approved the final manuscript.
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Chávez-Guevara, I.A., Hernández-Torres, R.P., González-Rodríguez, E. et al. Biomarkers and genetic polymorphisms associated with maximal fat oxidation during physical exercise: implications for metabolic health and sports performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 122, 1773–1795 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04936-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04936-0