Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to analyze swimmers’ oxygen uptake kinetics (\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)K) and bioenergetic profiles in 50, 100, and 200 m simulated swimming events and determine which physiological variables relate with performance.
Methods
Twenty-eight well-trained swimmers completed an incremental test for maximal oxygen uptake (Peak-\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)) and maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) assessment. Maximal trials (MT) of 50, 100, and 200-m in front crawl swimming were performed for \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)K and bioenergetic profile. \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)K parameters were calculated through monoexponential modeling and by a new growth rate method. The recovery phase was used along with the blood lactate concentration for bioenergetics profiling.
Results
Peak-\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) (57.47 ± 5.7 ml kg−1 min−1 for male and 53.53 ± 4.21 ml kg−1 min−1 for female) did not differ from \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)peak attained at the 200-MT for female and at the 100 and 200-MT for male. From the 50-MT to 100-MT and to the 200-MT the \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)K presented slower time constants (8.6 ± 2.3 s, 11.5 ± 2.4 s and 16.7 ± 5.5 s, respectively), the aerobic contribution increased (~ 34%, 54% and 71%, respectively) and the anaerobic decreased (~ 66%, 46% and 29%, respectively), presenting a cross-over in the 100-MT. Both energy systems, MAV, Peak-\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\), and \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) peak of the MT’s were correlated with swimming performance.
Discussion
The aerobic energy contribution is an important factor for performance in 50, 100, and 200-m, regardless of the time taken to adjust the absolute oxidative response, when considering the effect on a mixed-group regarding sex. \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)K speeding could be explained by a faster initial pacing strategy used in the shorter distances, that contributed for a more rapid increase of the oxidative contribution to the energy turnover.
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Abbreviations
- %:
-
Percentage
- %MAV:
-
Percentage velocity to the MAV
- %Peak-\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) :
-
Percentage to the Peak-\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)
- τ :
-
Time constant
- [La−]:
-
Blood lactate concentration
- ∆[La−]:
-
Difference between rest and maximal [La−]
- ∆\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)/t :
-
\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) Growth rate
- A :
-
Amplitude
- Aer:
-
Aerobic
- AnaAlac:
-
Anaerobic alactic
- AnaLac:
-
Anaerobic lactic
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- b :
-
Heart beats
- HR:
-
Heart rate
- ISD:
-
Individual snorkel delay
- K4b2 :
-
Portable breath-by-breath gas analyzer
- kg:
-
Kilogram
- L:
-
Litter
- LO2 :
-
Litters of Oxygen
- m:
-
Meter
- MAV:
-
Maximal aerobic velocity
- min:
-
Minute
- ml:
-
Milliliter
- mmol:
-
Millimole
- MRT:
-
Mean response time
- MT:
-
Maximal trials
- O2 :
-
Oxygen
- O2InitialDef :
-
Oxygen deficit at the onset of exercise
- off-K:
-
Oxygen uptake off kinetics
- p :
-
Probability value
- PB:
-
Personal best
- PB50:
-
Personal best of the swimmers in the 50 m freestyle event
- PB100:
-
Personal best of the swimmers in the 100 m freestyle event
- PB200:
-
Personal best of the swimmers in the 200 m freestyle event
- Peak-\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) :
-
Maximal oxygen uptake at the incremental test
- r :
-
Pearson correlation coefficient
- RPE:
-
Rate of perceived exertion
- s:
-
Second
- SPSS:
-
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
- t :
-
Time
- TD:
-
Time delay
- µl:
-
Microliter
- v :
-
Velocity
- \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) :
-
Oxygen uptake
- \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) ( t ) :
-
\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) at a given time
- \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) base :
-
\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) at rest
- \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)K:
-
Oxygen uptake kinetics
- \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) peak :
-
\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) Maximal rise in the maximal trials
- \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) peak100 :
-
\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) Maximal rise in the 100 m maximal trial test
- \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) peak200 :
-
\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) Maximal rise in the 200 m maximal trial test
- \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) peak50 :
-
\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) Maximal rise in the 50 m maximal trial test
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Acknowledgements
Tiago A. F. Almeida gratefully acknowledges the Foundation for Science and Technology, Portugal, for his doctoral fellowship award (SFRH/BD/73022/2010). This work was also supported by CIPER-Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Portugal (UIDB/00447/2020), CIEQV-Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Portugal (UIDP/04748/2020) and by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq; 479262/2013-6) and FAPESP (2016-04544-3 and 2016-17735-1). The authors would like to thank the swimmers and coaches from the BTC team who participated in this study.
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DPF, FA, JR, ME and TA conceived and designed the research. AS, DPF, LS and TA conducted the experiments. AS, DPF, FA, JR, LS, ME and TA reviewed and analysed the data. TA wrote the first drafted of the manuscript and DPF, FA, JR and ME commented and wrote previous versions of the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
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All procedures performed involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee (CEFMH: 39/2015) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.
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Communicated by I. Mark Olfert.
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Almeida, T.A.F., Pessôa Filho, D.M., Espada, M.A.C. et al. \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) kinetics and energy contribution in simulated maximal performance during short and middle distance-trials in swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol 120, 1097–1109 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04348-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04348-y