Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Infrared photographs with a selective wavelength filter to diagnose small-angle esotropia in young children

  • Pediatrics
  • Published:
Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

To validate the effectiveness of the selective wavelength filter analysis with infrared photographs for diagnosing small-angle esotropia in children under age 4.

Methods

This is a retrospective, observational, case-control study. A total of 83 esotropes with an esodeviation of ≤ 16 prism diopters (PD) and 75 orthotropic controls under 4 years of age were included. Full-face infrared photographs were taken with a selective wavelength filter in front of either eye. The angles of esodeviation on photographs were measured with the three-dimensional Strabismus Photo Analyzer. The alternate prism and cover test or the Krimsky test were repeatedly performed to measure ocular alignment.

Results

The testability of infrared photographs using selective wavelength filters in children under 4 years of age was 85.6%. The mean angle of esodeviation was 11.3 ± 4.0 PD by manual measurements and 11.5 ± 4.4 PD by the infrared photograph analysis. Manual measurements and the infrared photograph analysis showed a strong positive correlation (R = 0.815, P < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of the infrared photograph analysis for detecting small-angle esotropia were 95.2% and 77.9%, respectively, with a cutoff value of 4.0 PD.

Conclusions

The automated infrared photograph analysis was simple and effective for diagnosing small-angle esotropia in young children.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Anwar DS, Woreta FA, Weng CY, Repka MX (2012) Incidence of esotropia developing in subjects previously diagnosed with pseudoesotropia: a pilot study. Strabismus 20:124–126. https://doi.org/10.3109/09273972.2012.702368

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gräf M, Alhammouri Q, Vieregge C, Lorenz B (2011) The Bruckner transillumination test: limited detection of small-angle esotropia. Ophthalmology 118:2504–2509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.05.016

  3. Silbert AL, Matta NS, Silbert DI (2012) Incidence of strabismus and amblyopia in preverbal children previously diagnosed with pseudoesotropia. J AAPOS 16:118–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2011.12.146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Raab EL (2001) Follow-up monitoring of accommodative esotropia. J AAPOS 5:246–249. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpa.2001.117570

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group (2009) Interobserver reliability of the prism and alternate cover test in children with esotropia. Arch Ophthalmol 127:59–65. https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2008.548

  6. Yang HK, Han SB, Hwang JM, Kim YJ, Jeong CB, Kim KG (2012) Assessment of binocular alignment using the three-dimensional Strabismus Photo Analyzer. Br J Ophthalmol 96:78–82. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-300305

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Yang HK, Seo JM, Hwang JM, Kim KG (2013) Automated analysis of binocular alignment using an infrared camera and selective wavelength filter. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54:2733–2737. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-11400

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bland JM, Altman DG (1999) Measuring agreement in method comparison studies. Stat Methods Med Res 8:135–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/096228029900800204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Choi BC (1998) Slopes of a receiver operating characteristic curve and likelihood ratios for a diagnostic test. Am J Epidemiol 148:1127–1132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Han S, Kim US (2014) Symptom based diagnosis of infant under one year in outpatient clinic. Korean J Ophthalmol 28:241–245. https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2014.28.3.241

  11. Fu VL, Stager DR, Birch EE (2007) Progression of intermittent, small-angle, and variable esotropia in infancy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:661–664. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.06-0717

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hrynchak PK, Herriot C, Irving EL (2010) Comparison of alternate cover test reliability at near in non-strabismus between experienced and novice examiners. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 30:304–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2010.00723.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Von Noorden GK (2002) Binocular vision and ocular motility: theory and management of strabismus. Mosby, St. Louis

  14. Yang HK, Hwang JM (2011) The effect of target size and accommodation on the distant angle of deviation in intermittent exotropia. Am J Ophthalmol 151:907–913 e901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2010.11.021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Multi-ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study Group (2008) Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in African American and Hispanic children ages 6 to 72 months: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study. Ophthalmology 115:1229–1236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.08.001

Download references

Funding

This research was supported by the SNUBH research fund (No. 02-2016-051).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Yung Ju Yoo and Hee Kyung Yang contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea

    Yung Ju Yoo

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea

    Hee Kyung Yang & Jeong-Min Hwang

  3. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea

    Jong-Mo Seo

  4. Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Inchon, South Korea

    Kwang Gi Kim

Authors
  1. Yung Ju Yoo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hee Kyung Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jong-Mo Seo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kwang Gi Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jeong-Min Hwang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeong-Min Hwang.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethics approval

Ethics approval was provided by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. All aspects of the research protocol were in compliance with the Declarations of Helsinki.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yoo, Y.J., Yang, H.K., Seo, JM. et al. Infrared photographs with a selective wavelength filter to diagnose small-angle esotropia in young children. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 257, 645–650 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04240-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04240-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation