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Outcome predictors of post-COVID conditions in the European Academy of Neurology COVID-19 registry

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Abstract

Several neurological manifestations are part of the post-COVID condition. We aimed to: (1) evaluate the 6-month outcome in the cohort of patients with neurological manifestations during the COVID-19 acute phase and surviving the infection, and find outcome predictors; (2) define the prevalence and type of neurological symptoms persistent at six months after the infection. Data source was an international registry of patients with COVID-19 infection and neurological symptoms, signs or diagnoses established by the European Academy of Neurology. Functional status at six-month follow-up was measured with the modified Rankin scale (mRS), and defined as: “stable/improved” if the mRS at six months was equal as or lower than the baseline score; “worse” if it was higher than the baseline score. By October 30, 2022, 1,003 lab-confirmed COVID-19 patients were followed up for a median of 6.5 months. Compared to their pre-morbid status, 522 patients (52%) were stable/improved, whereas 465 (46%) were worse (functional status missing for 16). Age, hospitalization, several pre-COVID-19 comorbidities, and COVID-19 general complications were predictors of a worse status. Amongst neurological manifestations, stroke carried the highest risk for worse outcome (OR 5.96), followed by hyperactive delirium (2.8), and peripheral neuropathies (2.37). On the other hand, hyposmia/hypogeusia (0.38), headache (0.40), myalgia (0.45), and COVID-19 vaccination (0.52) were predictors of a favourable prognosis. Persisting neurological symptoms or signs were reported by 316/1003 patients (31.5%), the commonest being fatigue (n = 133), and impaired memory or concentration (n = 103). Our study identified significant long-term prognostic predictors in patients with COVID-19 and neurological manifestations.

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Acknowledgements

(§) ENERGY Study Group: Khachik Petrosyan, MD (Department of General and Vascular Neurology, Saint Gregory the Illuminator Medical Center, Yerevan, Armenia), Philipp Kindl, MD (Medical University of Innsbruck; Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Innsbruck, Austria), Ingomar Krehan, MD (Department of Neurology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria), Johan Sellner, MD (Department of Neurology, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Mistelbach, Austria), Edith Kohler, MD (Universitaetsklinikum Tulln, Tulln, Austria), Lucas Scardua, MD PhD (University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil), Simon Jung, MD and Madlaine Müller, MD (Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland), Jitka Bušková, MD PhD (Department of Sleep Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic), Lars Wojtecki, MD (Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Hospital zum Heiligen Geist GmbH & Co.KG, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Kempen, Germany), Pille Taba, MD (Head of Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia), Sara Meoni, MD (CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France), Thomas Michael Jenkins, MBChB (University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom), Ivana Vinski, MD (Department of Neurology, UHC Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia), Dániel Bereczki, MD DSc (Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary), Netta Agajany, MD ( Tel Aviv University School of Medicine and Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel), Marta Bianchi, MD, Patrizia Civelli, MD and Marinella Turla, MD (Neurology Unit ASST Valcamonica-Esine, Brescia, Italy), Franco Valzania, MD, Giulia Toschi, PhD and Jessica Rossi, MD (Neurology Unit, Neuromotor & Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy), Odainic Olesea, MD PhD (Diomid Gherman Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery), Plesca Svetlana, MD PhD and Manole Elena, MD PhD ( Plesca Svetlana Nicolae Testemisanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinău, Republic of Moldova), Rafael Avalos-Pavon, MD (Neurology Resident, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Moronnes Prieto", Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico), Anne Hege Aamodt, MD PhD (Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway and Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway), Vojtech Novotny, MD (Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway), Annette Huuse Farmen, MD (Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway), Heidi Øyen Flemmen, PhD MD (Department of Neurology, Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway), Katarzyna Siutka, MD (Department of Neurology, Specialist Hospital Konskie, Konskie, Poland ), Elaine Santos, MD (Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal), Bárbara Pinto Martins, MD (Neurology Department, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal and Neurology and Neurosurgery Unit of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal), Irina Odajiu, MD, Constantin Dragos Sandu, MD, Anca Covaliu, MD, Ana Jugurt, MD (Neurology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania), Maria Zakharova, MD PhD (Department of the Research Centre of Neurology, Moscow, Russia), Vasilya Idiiatova, MD (State Nizhnevartovsk City Polyclinic, Nizhnevartovsk, Russia), Serefnur Ozturk, MD (Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Konya, Turkey).

The authors are indebted to Sherry H-Y Chou MD and Molly McNett PhD for their valuable intellectual support to the organization of the ENERGY registry, to Lalit Kaltenbach for the preparation of the web database, to Ms Anja Sander for her assistance during the activation and conduct of the ENERGY registry, and all participating patients. ENERGY is funded by the European Academy of Neurology.

Funding

This study was funded by the European Academy of Neurology.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Maurizio A. Leone and Raimund Helbok contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy

    Maurizio Angelo Leone & Elisa Bianchi

  2. Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Vienna, Austria

    Raimund Helbok

  3. University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

    Clarissa Lin Yasuda

  4. European Academy of Neurology, Vienna, Austria

    Maria Konti, Dauren Ramankulov & Maria Lolich

  5. Department of Neurology, UHC Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia

    Arijana Lovrencic-Huzjan

  6. Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary

    Tibor Kovács

  7. Tel Aviv University School of Medicine and Shamir (Assaf Harofeh), Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Carmel Armon

  8. Neurology Unit ASST Valcamonica-Esine, Brescia, Italy

    Maria Sofia Cotelli

  9. Neurology Unit, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS Di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy

    Francesco Cavallieri

  10. Diomid Gherman Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Chișinău, Moldova

    Oxana Grosu

  11. Medical Faculty, University Clinic for Neurology, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Skopje, North Macedonia

    Gordana Kiteva-Trenchevska

  12. Medicine Faculty, Head Neurology Program, Hospital Central “Dr. Ignacio Moronnes Prieto”, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico

    Ildefonso Rodriguez-Leyva

  13. Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

    Marion Boldingh

  14. Department of Neurology, Specialist Hospital Konskie, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland

    Waldemar Brola

  15. Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Do Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Luís F. Maia

  16. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Luís F. Maia

  17. Institute for Research & Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal

    Luís F. Maia

  18. Neurology Department, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal

    Mafalda Maria Laracho de Seabra

  19. Neurology and Neurosurgery Unit of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Mafalda Maria Laracho de Seabra

  20. Neurology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania

    Eugenia Irene Davidescu & Bogdan Ovidiu Popescu

  21. Department of Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

    Eugenia Irene Davidescu & Bogdan Ovidiu Popescu

  22. Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Laval University, Quebec, Canada

    Svetlana Kopishinskaia

  23. Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Claudio L. A. Bassetti

  24. Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Grenoble, France

    Elena Moro

Authors
  1. Maurizio Angelo Leone
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  2. Raimund Helbok
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  3. Elisa Bianchi
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  4. Clarissa Lin Yasuda
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  5. Maria Konti
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  6. Dauren Ramankulov
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  7. Maria Lolich
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  17. Waldemar Brola
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  18. Luís F. Maia
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  19. Mafalda Maria Laracho de Seabra
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  20. Eugenia Irene Davidescu
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  24. Elena Moro
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Consortia

the ENERGY Study Group (§)

  • Khachik Petrosyan
  • , Philipp Kindl
  • , Ingomar Krehan
  • , Johan Sellner
  • , Edith Kohler
  • , Lucas Scardua
  • , Simon Jung
  • , Jitka Bušková
  • , Lars Wojtecki
  • , Pille Taba
  • , Sara Meoni
  • , Thomas Michael Jenkins
  • , Ivana Vinski
  • , Dániel Bereczki
  • , Netta Agajany
  • , Marta Bianchi
  • , Marinella Turla
  • , Franco Valzania
  • , Giulia Toschi
  • , Jessica Rossi
  • , Odainic Olesea
  • , Plesca Svetlana
  • , Manole Elena
  • , Rafael Avalos-Pavon
  • , Anne Hege Aamodt
  • , Vojtech Novotny
  • , Annette Huuse Farmen
  • , Heidi Øyen Flemmen
  • , Katarzyna Siutka
  • , Elaine Santos
  • , Bárbara Pinto Martins
  • , Irina Odajiu
  • , Constantin Dragos Sandu
  • , Anca Covaliu
  • , Ana Jugurt
  • , Maria Zakharova
  • , Vasilya Idiiatova
  •  & Serefnur Ozturk

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Maurizio Angelo Leone or Raimund Helbok.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

Elena Moro reports personal fees from Medtronic, personal fees from Abbott. Maurizio A. Leone, Elisa Bianchi, Raimund Helbock, Clarissa Lin Yasuda, Maria Konti, Dauren Ramankulov, Maria Lolich, Arijana Lovrencic-Huzjan, Tibor Kovács, Carmel Armon, Maria Sofia Cotelli, Francesco Cavallieri, Oxana Grosu, Gordana Kiteva-Trenchevska, Ildefonso Rodriguez-Leyva, Marion Boldingh, Waldemar Brola, Luís F. Maia, Mafalda Maria Laracho de Seabra, Eugenia Irene Davidescu, Bogdan Ovidiu Popescu, Svetlana Kopishinskaia, Claudio Bassetti declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethics approval

The study was approved by the ethics committees of all participating sites and informed consent was obtained from all eligible patients in line with each participating country’s legal requirements.

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Leone, M.A., Helbok, R., Bianchi, E. et al. Outcome predictors of post-COVID conditions in the European Academy of Neurology COVID-19 registry. J Neurol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-024-12212-8

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