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The long-lived fertility signature of Cu–Au porphyry systems: insights from apatite and zircon at Tampakan, Philippines

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Abstract

The essential sources and processes required for the formation of Cu–(Au)-porphyry deposits have been part of a long-standing debate. In this study we investigate one of the youngest and best-preserved world-class Cu–(Au)-porphyry systems in order to learn more about melt sources and what geochemical tracers in zircon and apatite might be useful to identify ore-forming intrusions within porphyry systems. Combined, in-situ Hf, O, and Nd isotope analyses in zircon and apatite imply that the Tampakan magmas were derived from depleted mantle sources. Hence, we suggest that older crustal components or metasomatized mantle are not required for the production of metallogenically fertile magmas in island arc settings. Based on the compositions of apatite and zircon, we confirm that previously established fertility-indicator signatures of these minerals are useful to identify fertile porphyry systems. Our data show that intrusions directly associated with mineralization events contain apatite with elevated Cl and S concentrations compared to pre- and post- mineralization igneous events.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the assistance of the Australian Microscopy & Microanalysis Research Facility at the Centre for Microscopy, Characterization & Analysis (CMCA) of the University of Western Australia (UWA) a facility funded by the University, State, and Commonwealth Governments, and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS), Macquarie University. LA-ICPMS trace element and isotope analysis at UWA was conducted with instrumentation funded by the Australian Research Council (LE100100203 and LE150100013). The authors wish to thank Noreen Evans and Brad McDonald (Curtin University) for technical assistance with laser ablation analysis of zircon. ML Fiorentini acknowledges the ARC grant schemes FT110100241 and CE110001017. We would like to thank J. Chang and an anonymous reviewer for constructive comments, which helped to improve this paper significantly. This is contribution 1962 from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (http://www.ccfs.mq.edu.au). Y Lu publishes with the permission of the Executive Director of the Geological Survey of Western Australia.

Funding

The financial support for this project was provided by M.L.F through the Australia Research Council grant schemes FT110100241 and CE110001017.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia

    L. A. Parra-Avila, J. Hammerli, A. I. S. Kemp, R. Loucks & M. L. Fiorentini

  2. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems, School of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia

    L. A. Parra-Avila, J. Hammerli & M. L. Fiorentini

  3. Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1+3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland

    J. Hammerli

  4. School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA

    J. Hammerli

  5. Sunstone Metals Ltd., Milton, QLD, 4064, Australia

    B. Rohrlach

  6. Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain Street, East Perth, WA, 6004, Australia

    Y. Lu

  7. Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia

    I. S. Williams

  8. Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia

    L. Martin & M. P. Roberts

Authors
  1. L. A. Parra-Avila
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  2. J. Hammerli
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  3. A. I. S. Kemp
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  4. B. Rohrlach
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  5. R. Loucks
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  6. Y. Lu
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  7. I. S. Williams
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  8. L. Martin
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  9. M. P. Roberts
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  10. M. L. Fiorentini
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Contributions

LAP-A and JH wrote the manuscript, performed microanalyses of zircons (LAP-A) and apatite (JH), and developed the main conceptual ideas. TK performed radiogenic isotope analyses in zircon and apatite, aided in interpreting the results, and helped to develop the analytical strategy. BR and RL provided sample material and aided in interpreting the results and helped to contextualize the data. YL performed microanalyses of zircons. ISW helped with SHRIMP analyses and performed U–Pb data reduction and helped with data interpretation. LM conducted oxygen isotope analyses and performed data reduction. MPR provided technical assistance and guidance while conducting EMPA measurements and data interpretation. MLF was involved in project conception, aided in interpreting the results and provided financial support for the project. All authors contributed to final editing and presentation.

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Correspondence to L. A. Parra-Avila.

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Communicated by Hans Keppler.

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Parra-Avila, L.A., Hammerli, J., Kemp, A.I.S. et al. The long-lived fertility signature of Cu–Au porphyry systems: insights from apatite and zircon at Tampakan, Philippines. Contrib Mineral Petrol 177, 18 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-021-01878-2

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