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Fractional crystallization of primitive, hydrous arc magmas: an experimental study at 0.7 GPa

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Abstract

Differentiation of mantle-derived, hydrous, basaltic magmas is a fundamental process to produce evolved intermediate to SiO2-rich magmas that form the bulk of the middle to shallow continental and island arc crust. This study reports the results of fractional crystallization experiments conducted in a piston cylinder apparatus at 0.7 GPa for hydrous, calc-alkaline to arc tholeiitic magmas. Fractional crystallization was approached by synthesis of starting materials representing the liquid composition of the previous, higher temperature experiment. Temperatures ranged from near-liquidus at 1,170 °C to near-solidus conditions at 700 °C. H2O contents varied from 3.0 to more than 10 wt%. The liquid line of descent covers the entire compositional range from olivine–tholeiite (1,170 °C) to high-silica rhyolite (700 °C) and evolves from metaluminous to peraluminous compositions. The following crystallization sequence has been established: olivine → clinopyroxene → plagioclase, spinel → orthopyroxene, amphibole, titanomagnetite → apatite → quartz, biotite. Anorthite-rich plagioclase and spinel are responsible for a marked increase in SiO2-content (from 51 to 53 wt%) at 1,040 °C. At lower temperatures, fractionation of amphibole, plagioclase and Fe–Ti oxide over a temperature interval of 280 °C drives the SiO2 content continuously from 53 to 78 wt%. Largest crystallization steps were recorded around 1,040 °C and at 700 °C. About 40 % of ultramafic plutonic rocks have to crystallize to generate basaltic–andesitic liquids, and an additional 40 % of amphibole–gabbroic cumulate to produce granitic melts. Andesitic liquids with a liquidus temperature of 1,010 °C only crystallize 50 % over an 280 °C wide range to 730 °C implying that such liquids form mobile crystal mushes (<50 % crystals) in long-lived magmatic systems in the middle crust, allowing for extensive fractionation, assimilation and hybridization with periodic replenishment of more mafic magmas from deeper magma reservoirs.

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Acknowledgments

The work is part of the ProDoc program “4-D Adamello” and was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grants PDFMP2-123097/1 and PDAMP2-123074). We would like to acknowledge Eric Reusser for his help using EPMA and Micro-Raman spectroscopy. Thoughtful comments by Tom Sisson on an earlier version of this manuscript are gratefully acknowledged. Constructive comments by two anonymous reviewers helped improve this manuscript.

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  1. Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH, Clausiusstrasse 25, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland

    Rohit H. Nandedkar & Peter Ulmer

  2. Institute of Earth Sciences, Géopolis 4897, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Othmar Müntener

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  1. Rohit H. Nandedkar
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Correspondence to Peter Ulmer.

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Communicated by T. L. Grove.

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Nandedkar, R.H., Ulmer, P. & Müntener, O. Fractional crystallization of primitive, hydrous arc magmas: an experimental study at 0.7 GPa. Contrib Mineral Petrol 167, 1015 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-014-1015-5

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