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Cognitive, community functioning and clinical correlates of the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) in psychotic disorders

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Abstract

Negative symptoms are a core dimension of schizophrenia and other psychoses that account for a large degree of the poor functional outcomes related to these disorders. Newer assessment scales for negative symptoms, such as the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS), provide evidence for separate dimensions of motivational and pleasure (MAP) and expression (EXP) dimensions. This study was aimed at extending the analysis of the clinical, functional and cognitive correlates of CAINS dimensions in a sample of patients with psychotic disorders (n = 98) and 50 healthy controls.

A psychopathological evaluation was conducted by using the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH). To assess the extrapyramidal signs, the UKU scale was used. Community functioning was evaluated by means of real-world and functional attainment measures. Additionally, a full neuropsychological test battery was administered. Pearson correlation and hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify the influencing and predictive factors associated with the CAINS dimensions.

The MAP and EXP dimensions showed strong associations with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) items and were not significantly associated with extra-pyramidal or cognitive deficits. The MAP and EXP CAINS dimensions revealed good predictive validity for real-world functioning and functional attainment measures.

These findings suggest that the CAINS scale endorses good convergent validity for the assessment of negative symptoms and is very useful in the prediction of psychosocial functioning. In addition, the CAINS dimensions might provide advantages over old assessment scales on disentangling the complex associations between negative symptoms and cognitive impairment.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Government of Navarra (Grants 17/31, 18/41, 87/2014) and the Carlos III Health Institute (FEDER Funds) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (14/01621 and 16/02148). Both had no further role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the paper for publication.

SegPEPs Group

Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (Pamplona, Spain): Gustavo Gil-Berrozpe, Rebeca Hernández-Antón, Katia Llano, María Ribeiro, María Zandio; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (Pamplona, Spain): Alejandro Ballesteros, Elena García de Jalón, Gustavo Gil-Berrozpe, Rebeca Hernández-Antón, Lucía Janda, Katia Llano, David Peralta, María Ribeiro, Ángela S. Rosero, María Zandio; Mental Health Department, Servicio Navarro de Salud—Osasunbidea (Pamplona, Spain): Elena García de Jalón, Lucía Janda, David Peralta, Ángela S. Rosero; Mental Health Department, Servicio Riojano de Salud (Logroño, Spain): Alejandro Ballesteros.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain

    Manuel J. Cuesta, Ana M. Sánchez-Torres & Lucía Moreno-Izco

  2. Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain

    Manuel J. Cuesta, Ana M. Sánchez-Torres, Ruth Lorente-Omeñaca, Lucía Moreno-Izco & Victor Peralta

  3. Mental Health Department, Servicio Navarro de Salud, Osasunbidea, Pamplona, Spain

    Victor Peralta

Authors
  1. Manuel J. Cuesta
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  2. Ana M. Sánchez-Torres
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  3. Ruth Lorente-Omeñaca
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  4. Lucía Moreno-Izco
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  5. Victor Peralta
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Consortia

SegPEPs Group

  • Alejandro Ballesteros
  • , Elena García de Jalón
  • , Gustavo Gil-Berrozpe
  • , Rebeca Hernández-Antón
  • , Lucía Janda
  • , Katia Llano
  • , David Peralta
  • , María Ribeiro
  • , Ángela S. Rosero
  •  & María Zandio

Contributions

MJC and VP designed the study and supervised the draft completion. AMS-T, RL-O and LM-I collected the cognitive and clinical data, managed the literature searches and contributed to the data analyses. Authors included in SEGPEPs contributed to participants’ recruitment and to the clinical assessments. MJC wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to and approved the final draft of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manuel J. Cuesta.

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The investigations were approved by Institutional Review Board of the Ethical Committee of Navarra (Spain).

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All patients provided written informed consent, in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.

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The members of “SegPEPs Group” are listed in acknowledgements.

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Cuesta, M.J., Sánchez-Torres, A.M., Lorente-Omeñaca, R. et al. Cognitive, community functioning and clinical correlates of the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) in psychotic disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 271, 1537–1546 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-01188-x

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