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Beneficial regulation of matrixmetalloproteinases and their inhibitors, fibrillar collagens and transforming growth factor-β by Polypodium leucotomos, directly or in dermal fibroblasts, ultraviolet radiated fibroblasts, and melanoma cells

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Abstract

The extracellular matrix (ECM) that gives tissue its structural integrity is remodeled in skin aging/photoaging and cancer via the increased expression/activities of matrixmetalloproteinases (MMP), inhibition of the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP), or inhibition of collagen synthesis. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a predominant regulator of the ECM, is inhibited in aging/photoaging and stimulated in carcinogenesis. P. leucotomos (fern) extract has potential to counteract these alterations via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and photoprotective properties. The goal of this research was to determine the efficacy of P. leucotomos to (a) directly inhibit MMP-1, 2, 3, and 9 activities, (b) inhibit MMP-2, and stimulate TIMPs, fibrillar collagens and TGF-β in non-irradiated or ultraviolet (UV) radiated fibroblasts, and (c) inhibit MMPs and TGF-β, and stimulate TIMPs in melanoma cells. To this purpose, we examined the direct effect of P. leucotomos (0–1%) on MMPs’ activities, and its effects on the expression (protein and/or transcription levels) of (1) MMPs and TIMPs in dermal fibroblasts, and melanoma cells, (2) TGF-β in non-irradiated, UVA (2.5 J/cm2) or UVB (2.5 mJ/cm2) irradiated fibroblasts, and melanoma cells, and (3) types I, III, and V collagen in non-irradiated or UV irradiated fibroblasts. P. leucotomos directly inhibited the activities of MMPs as well as the expression of MMPs in fibroblasts, and melanoma cells while stimulating the expression of TIMPs in these cells. P. leucotomos stimulated types I, III, and V collagen in non-irradiated fibroblasts, and types I and V collagen in UV radiated fibroblasts. P. leucotomos had predominant stimulatory effects on TGF-β expression in non-irradiated or UV radiated fibroblasts, and inhibited TGF-β expression in melanoma cells. The effects of P. leucotomos were largely similar to that of ascorbic acid. P. leucotomos demonstrated dual protective effects on the ECM via its inhibition of the ECM proteolytic enzymes and the stimulation of the structural ECM collagens. The effects of P. leucotomos on fibroblasts and melanoma cells may be partly via its cell-specific regulation of TGF-β expression and partly via its antioxidant property. The intake or topical application of P. leucotomos may be beneficial to skin health, in aging and cancer prevention or treatment.

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Acknowledgments

Funding was provided by Industrial Cantabria Farmaceutica, SA, Madrid, Spain; and the Departments of Biology and Chemistry/Biochemistry of Georgian Court University, Lakewood, NJ. The Tissue Culture course students at Georgian Court University (NJ) contributed greatly to the research. Hiran Gadhiya and Isabel Zerpa students of Fairleigh Dickinson University (NJ), and Linda Zhau of Bergan County Academies (NJ) provided technical assistance. In addition, the research formed the independent study or honor’s thesis projects of students at Fairleigh Dickinson University (NJ).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Natural Sciences, University College, Fairleigh Dickinson University, H-DH4-03, 1000 River Road, Teaneck, NJ, 07666, USA

    Neena Philips, Jennifer Conte, Yu-Jun Chen, Prashanti Natrajan, May Taw, Joshua Givant, Marvin Tuason & Luiji Dulaj

  2. School of Sciences and Mathematics, Georgian Court University, Lakewood, NJ, USA

    Neena Philips & Thomas Keller

  3. Bergen County Academies, Hackensack, NJ, USA

    Joshua Givant & Donna Leonardi

  4. Industrial Cantabria Farmaceutica S.A., Madrid, Spain

    Salvador Gonzalez

  5. Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Salvador Gonzalez

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  1. Neena Philips
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Philips, N., Conte, J., Chen, YJ. et al. Beneficial regulation of matrixmetalloproteinases and their inhibitors, fibrillar collagens and transforming growth factor-β by Polypodium leucotomos, directly or in dermal fibroblasts, ultraviolet radiated fibroblasts, and melanoma cells. Arch Dermatol Res 301, 487–495 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-009-0950-x

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