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Obtaining test-independent values of the dynamic and static yield stresses for time-dependent materials

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Abstract

When it comes to the measurement of yield stress, the experimental procedure appears to play a significant role. Using a series of experiments, in which the effects of time dependence and shear banding were identified and taken into account, we determined the dynamic and static yield stresses of the materials as unique, test-independent properties. We studied the shear rheological properties of an aqueous suspension of Laponite®, which is a highly time-dependent (thixotropic) material. To minimize the irreversible effect of aging on its material properties, the Laponite® dispersion was aged for 347 days under a controlled environment. For comparison, an aqueous solution of Carbopol®—a slightly time-dependent material—was also investigated. The peak values of the shear stress evolution in constant shear rate tests were compared with the static and dynamic yield stress values. We noticed that, as the shear rate is reduced the peak stress value tends asymptotically to the dynamic yield stress for the slightly time-dependent material, but to slightly above the static yield stress for the thixotropic material. For the Laponite® suspension, at relatively low shear rates, we observed that peak stresses are influenced by shear banding. By simulating stress evolution curves using stress step-changes, we eliminated the influence of shear banding and discovered that the lowest yielding point coincides with the static yield stress. In addition, we provided the complete flow curve for the Laponite® suspension, showing the role of the static and dynamic yield stresses, and the unattainable zone which is closely related to steady shear banding effects.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Notes

  1. We deem “yield strength” more appropriate than “yield stress,” because we are talking about the microstructure resistance, a property of the material, whereas “stress” suggests an external force per unit area imposed to the material. However, the expression “yield stress” is widely employed in the literature on yield strength materials and, for this reason, we kept the usual terminology.

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Acknowledgements

BA and EPMC thank FAPERJ for the post-doctoral fellowships (E-26/202.044/2020 and E-26/204.593/2021 respectively). RLT thanks CNPq (305023/2022-5) and CAPES (PROEX 23038007615-2021-78) for financial support. PRSM thanks Petrobras S.A. (2022/00183-7), CNPq (307976/2018-1), CAPES (PROEX 0096/2022), and FAPERJ (E-26/010.001241/ 2016 and E-26/201.094/2021) for the financial support to the Rheology Group at PUC-Rio.

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  1. Eliana P. Marín Castaño, Elias C. Rodrigues, Roney Leon Thompson, and Paulo R. de Souza Mendes contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, RJ, Brazil

    Behbood Abedi, Eliana P. Marín Castaño, Elias C. Rodrigues & Paulo R. de Souza Mendes

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, 82071, WY, USA

    Behbood Abedi

  3. School of Applied Mathematics, Fundação Getulio Vargas, Praia de Botafogo, 190, Rio de Janeiro, 22250-900, RJ, Brazil

    Elias C. Rodrigues

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pedro Calmon, 550, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, RJ, Brazil

    Roney Leon Thompson

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  1. Behbood Abedi
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Abedi, B., Marín Castaño, E.P., C. Rodrigues, E. et al. Obtaining test-independent values of the dynamic and static yield stresses for time-dependent materials. Rheol Acta 62, 665–685 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-023-01414-y

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