Abstract
Self-assembly of block copolymers in the presence of solvents forms ordered mesophase structures, also known as lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs). The aim of this work is to investigate the rheological properties of Pluronic block copolymer/water/oil mesophases with lamellar and hexagonal structures. The flow behavior of lamellar and hexagonal mesophases indicates that they have yield stress. Oscillatory shear experiments show that mesophases have solid-like behavior and exhibit type III non-linear behavior. The elastic modulus of mesophases is probably controlled by the van der Waals interaction between micelles. We suggest that at relatively low frequencies, defects control the rheological behavior of LLCs, while at high frequencies, the contributions in micellar scale are dominant. Applying high strains on the LLCs induces two relaxation times after cessation of flow, decreases the storage modulus in the whole frequency range, and decreases the loss modulus in small-frequency regime with negligible effect at high frequencies. The decrease in moduli is reversible and the system relaxes back to its original elastic modulus at rest. The observed behavior can be attributed to the elimination of defects under high strains and their re-formation during long enough rest times.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahir SV, Petrov PG, Terentjev EM (2002) Rheology at the phase transition boundary: 2. Hexagonal phase of triton X100 surfactant solution. Langmuir 18:9140–9148. https://doi.org/10.1021/LA025793C
Ahn DU, Sancaktar E (2008) Fabrication of well-defined block copolymer nano-cylinders by controlling the thermodynamics and kinetics involved in block copolymer self-assembly. Soft Matter 4:1454–1466. https://doi.org/10.1039/b801515e
Alexandridis P, Lindman B (2000) Amphiphilic block copolymers: self-assembly and applications. 1st edition, Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-82441-7.X5000-2
Alexandridis P, Olsson U, Lindman B (1995) Self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers: the (EO)13(PO)30(EO)13-water-p-xylene system. Macromolecules 28:7700–7710. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00127a016
Alexandridis P, Olsson U, Lindman B (1996) Phase behavior of amphiphilic block copolymers in water-oil mixtures: the Pluronic 25R4-water-p-xylene system. J Phys Chem 100:280–288. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp951626s
Alexandridis P, Olsson U, Lindman B (1998) A record nine different phases (four cubic, two hexagonal, and one lamellar lyotropic liquid crystalline and two micellar solutions) in a ternary isothermal system of an amphiphilic block copolymer and selective solvents (water and oil). Langmuir 14:2627–2638. https://doi.org/10.1021/la971117c
Almdal K, Koppi KA, Bates FS, Mortensen K (1992) Multiple ordered phases in a block copolymer melt. Macromolecules 25:1743–1751. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00032a019
Balsara NP, Hammouda B (1994) Shear effects on solvated block copolymer lamellae: polystyrene-polyisoprene in dioctyl phthalate. Phys Rev Lett 72:360–363. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.360
Barnes HA (1999) The yield stress—a review or ‘παντα ρει’—everything flows? J Nonnewton Fluid Mech 81:133–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0257(98)00094-9
Berni MG, Lawrence CJ, Machin D (2002) A review of the rheology of the lamellar phase in surfactant systems. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 98:217–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8686(01)00094-X
Berret JF, Molino F, Porte G, Diat O, Lindner P (1996) The shear-induced transition between oriented textures and layer-sliding-mediated flows in a micellar cubic crystal. J Phys Condens Matter 8:9513–9517. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/8/47/054
Besseling R, Isa L, Ballesta P, Petekidis G, Cates ME, Poon WCK (2010) Shear banding and flow-concentration coupling in colloidal glasses. Phys Rev Lett 105:268301. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.268301
Blanazs A, Armes SP, Ryan AJ (2009) Self-assembled block copolymer aggregates: from micelles to vesicles and their biological applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 30:267–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.200800713
Brassinne J, Zhuge F, Fustin C-A, Gohy J-F (2015) Precise control over the rheological behavior of associating stimuli-responsive block copolymer gels. Gels 1:235–255. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels1020235
Brinkman WF, Cladis PE (1982) Defects in liquid crystals. Phys Today 35:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2915094
Chung CI, Gale JC (1976) Newtonian behavior of a styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 14:1149–1156. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1976.180140616
Chung CI, Lin MI (1978) Nature of melt rheological transition in a styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 16:545–553. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180160316
Colby RH (1996) Block copolymer dynamics. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 1:454–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0294(96)80113-0
Coppola L, Gianferri R, Nicotera I, Oliviero C, Antonio Ranieri G (2004) Structural changes in CTAB/H2O mixtures using a rheological approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 6:2364–2372. https://doi.org/10.1039/B316621J
Cordobe SF, Munoz J, Munoz M, Gallegos C (1997) Linear viscoelasticity of the direct hexagonal liquid crystalline phase for a heptane/nonionic surfactant/water system. J Colloid Interface Sci 187:401–417. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1996.4707
Cromer M, Villet MC, Fredrickson GH, Leal LG (2013) Shear banding in polymer solutions. Phys Fluids 25:051703. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4805089
Cromer M, Fredrickson GH, Leal LG (2014) A study of shear banding in polymer solutions. Phys Fluids 26:063101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4878842
Daneshfar Z, Goharpey F, Nazockdast H, Foudazi R (2017) Rheology of concentrated bimodal suspensions of nanosilica in PEG. J Rheol 61:955–966. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.4995604
Daniel C, Hamley IW, Wilhelm M, Mingvanish W (2001) Non-linear rheology of a face-centred cubic phase in a diblock copolymer gel. Rheol Acta 40:39–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003970000124
Dao MM, Domach MM, Walker LM (2017) Impact of dispersed particles on the structure and shear alignment of block copolymer soft solids. J Rheol 61:237–252. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.4974486
DePierro MA, Carpenter KG, Guymon CA (2006) Influence of polymerization conditions on nanostructure and properties of polyacrylamide hydrogels templated from lyotropic liquid crystals. Chem Mater 18:5609–5617. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm061969a
Dimitrova GT, Tadros TF, Luckham PF (1995) Investigations of the phase changes of nonionic surfactants using microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and rheology. 1. Synperonic A7, a C13/C15 alcohol with 7 mol of ethylene oxide. Langmuir 11:1101–1111. https://doi.org/10.1021/la00004a012
Divoux T, Barentin C, Manneville S (2011) Stress overshoot in a simple yield stress fluid: an extensive study combining rheology and velocimetry. Soft Matter 7:9335. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1sm05740e
Divoux T, Fardin MA, Manneville S, Lerouge S (2016) Shear banding of complex fluids. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 48:81–103. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-122414-034416
Doi M, Harden JL, Ohta T (1993) Anomalous rheological behavior of ordered phases of block copolymers. 2. Macromolecules 26:4935–4944. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00070a030
Feng X, Tousley ME, Cowan MG, Wiesenauer BR, Nejati S, Choo Y, Noble RD, Elimelech M, Gin DL, Osuji CO (2014) Scalable fabrication of polymer membranes with vertically aligned 1 nm pores by magnetic field directed self-assembly. ACS Nano 8:11977–11986. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn505037b
Fielding SM (2014) Shear banding in soft glassy materials. Rep Prog Phys 77:102601. https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/77/10/102601
Fielding SM (2016) Triggers and signatures of shear banding in steady and time-dependent flows. J Rheol 60:821–834. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.4961480
Foudazi R, Masalova I, Malkin AY (2012) The rheology of binary mixtures of highly concentrated emulsions: effect of droplet size ratio. J Rheol 56:1299–1314. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.4736556
Foudazi R, Qavi S, Masalova I, Malkin AY (2015) Physical chemistry of highly concentrated emulsions. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 220:78–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2015.03.002
Fredrickson GH, Bates FS (1996) Dynamics of block copolymers: theory and experiment. Annu Rev Mater Sci 26:501–550. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.26.080196.002441
Gujarathi NA, Rane BR, Keservani RK (2017) Liquid crystal systems in drug delivery. In: Novel Approaches for Drug Delivery. Medican Information Science Reference, pp 190–216. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0751-2.ch009
Gupta AK, Purwar SN (1984) Melt rheological properties of polypropylene/SEBS (styrene–ethylene butylene–styrene block copolymer) blends. J Appl Polym Sci 29:1079–1093. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290406
Gupta VK, Krishnamoorti R, Komfield JA, Smith SD (1995) Evolution of microstructure during shear alignment in a polystyrene-polyisoprene lamellar diblock copolymer. Macromolecules 28:4464–4474. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00117a015
Hahn H, Joon H, Lee A, Balsara NP, Garetz BA, Watanabe H (2001) Viscoelastic properties of aligned block copolymer lamellae. Macromolecules 34:8701–8709. https://doi.org/10.1021/MA0109929
Hamley IW (2000) The effect of shear on ordered block copolymer solutions. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 5:341–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0294(00)00072-8
Hamley I (2012) Concentrated solutions. In: Block copolymers in solution: fundamentals and applications. Wiley Online Library, Chapter 3, pp 105–172
Hamley IW, Castelletto V (2004) Small-angle scattering of block copolymers: in the melt, solution and crystal states. Prog Polym Sci 29:909–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2004.06.001
Harden JL, Doi M (1996) The effect of added triblock copolymer on the nonlinear rheology of ordered diblock copolymer mesophases. J Rheol 40:187–197. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.550734
Hentze H-P, Kaler EW (2003) Polymerization of and within self-organized media. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 8:164–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0294(03)00018-9
Hocine S, Li M-H (2013) Thermoresponsive self-assembled polymer colloids in water. Soft Matter 9:5839–5861. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sm50428j
Holmqvist P, Alexandridis P, Lindman B (1998) Modification of the microstructure in block copolymer−water−“oil” systems by varying the copolymer composition and the “oil” type: small-angle X-ray scattering and deuterium-NMR investigation. J Phys Chem B 102:1149–1158. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9730297
Hyun K, Kim SH, Ahn KH, Lee SJ (2002) Large amplitude oscillatory shear as a way to classify the complex fluids. J Nonnewton Fluid Mech 107:51–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0257(02)00141-6
Jenekhe SA, Chen XL (1998) Self-assembled aggregates of rod-coil block copolymers and their solubilization and encapsulation of fullerenes. Science 279:1903–1907. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.279.5358.1903
Jiaxiang R, Adriana SS, Krishnamoorti R (2000) Linear viscoelasticity of disordered polystyrene−polyisoprene block copolymer based layered-silicate nanocomposites. Macromolecules 33:3739–3746. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma992091u
Ketz RJ, Prud’homme RK, Graessley WW (1988) Rheology of concentrated microgel solutions. Rheol Acta 27:531–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01329353
Kleitz F, Tae-Wan Kim A, Ryoo R (2005) Phase domain of the cubic Im3̄m mesoporous silica in the EO106PO70EO106−butanol−H2O system. Langmuir 22:440–445. https://doi.org/10.1021/LA052047+
Kleitz F, Czuryszkiewicz T, Leonid A, Solovyov A, Lindén M (2006) X-ray structural modeling and gas adsorption analysis of cagelike SBA-16 silica mesophases prepared in a F127/butanol/H2O system. Chem Mater 18:5070–5079. https://doi.org/10.1021/CM061534N
Kossuth MB, Morse DC, Bates FS (1998) Viscoelastic behavior of cubic phases in block copolymer melts. J Rheol 43:167–196. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.550981
Langford JI, Wilson AJC (1978) Scherrer after sixty years: a survey and some new results in the determination of crystallite size. J Appl Crystallogr 11:102–113. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889878012844
Larson RG (1999) The structure and rheology of complex fluids. Oxford University Press, New York
Larson RG, Winey KI, Patel SS, Watanabe H, Bruinsma R (1993) The rheology of layered liquids: lamellar block copolymers and smectic liquid crystals. Rheol Acta 32:245–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00434188
Laurati M, Petekidis G, Koumakis N, Cardinaux F, Schofield AB, Brader JM, Fuchs M, Egelhaaf SU (2009) Structure, dynamics, and rheology of colloid-polymer mixtures: from liquids to gels. J Chem Phys 130:134907. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3103889
Li X, Park E, Hyun K, Oktavia L, Kwak M (2018) Rheological analysis of core-stabilized Pluronic F127 by semi-interpenetrating network (sIPN) in aqueous solution. J Rheol 62:107–120. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.5009202
Linemann R, Läuger J, Schmidt G, Kratzat K, Richtering W (1995) Linear and nonlinear rheology of micellar solutions in the isotropic, cubic and hexagonal phase probed by rheo-small-angle light scattering. Rheol Acta 34:440–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00396557
Lukaschek M, Grabowski DA, Schmidt C (1995) Shear-induced alignment of a hexagonal lyotropic liquid crystal as studied by Rheo-NMR. Langmuir 11:3590–3594. https://doi.org/10.1021/la00009a050
Luo K, Yang Y (2002) Lamellar orientation and corresponding rheological properties of symmetric diblock copolymers under steady shear flow. Macromolecules 35:3722–3730. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma010889j
Martin JD, Thomas Hu Y (2012) Transient and steady-state shear banding in aging soft glassy materials. Soft Matter 8:6940. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2sm25299f
Masalova I, Malkin AY, Foudazi R (2008) Yield stress of emulsions and suspensions as measured in steady shearing and in oscillations. Appl Rheol 18:44790–44790-8. https://doi.org/10.1515/arh-2008-0013
Mason T, Bibette J, Weitz D (1995) Elasticity of compressed emulsions. Phys Rev Lett 75:2051–2054. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.2051
Mason TGG, Bibette J, Weitz DA (1996) Yielding and flow of monodisperse emulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 179:439–448. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1996.0235
McCormick DT, Stovall KD, Guymon CA (2003) Photopolymerization in Pluronic lyotropic liquid crystals: induced mesophase thermal stability. Macromolecules 36:6549–6558. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma030037e
Meeker S, Bonnecaze RT, Cloitre M (2004a) Slip and flow in soft particle pastes. Phys Rev Lett 92:198302. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.198302
Meeker SP, Bonnecaze RT, Cloitre M (2004b) Slip and flow in pastes of soft particles: direct observation and rheology. J Rheol 48:1295–1320. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.1795171
Mingvanish W, Kelarakis A, Mai S-M, et al (2000) Rheology and structures of aqueous gels of diblock (oxyethylene/oxybutylene) copolymer E 22 B 7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp001398o
Montalvo G, Valiente M, Rodenas E (1996) Rheological properties of the L phase and the hexagonal, lamellar, and cubic liquid crystals of the CTAB/benzyl alcohol/water system. Langmuir 12:5202–5208. https://doi.org/10.1021/la9515682
Mortensen K, Theunissen E, Kleppinger R, Almdal K, Reynaers H (2002) Shear-induced morphologies of cubic ordered block copolymer micellar networks studied by in situ small-angle neutron scattering and rheology. Macromolecules 35:7773–7781. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0121013
Müller S, Fischer P, Schmidt C (1997) Solid-like director reorientation in sheared hexagonal lyotropic liquid crystals as studied by nuclear maginetic resonance. J Phys II 7:421–432. https://doi.org/10.1051/jp2:1997135
Nagarajan R, Ganesh K (1989a) Block copolymer self-assembly in selective solvents: spherical micelles with segregated cores. J Chem Phys 90:5843–5856. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.456390
Nagarajan R, Ganesh K (1989b) Block copolymer self-assembly in selective solvents: theory of solubilization in spherical micelles. Macromolecules 22:4312–4325. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00201a029
Nie Z, Fava D, Kumacheva E, Zou S, Walker GC, Rubinstein M (2007) Self-assembly of metal–polymer analogues of amphiphilic triblock copolymers. Nat Mater 6:609–614. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1954
Ohta T, Enomoto Y, Harden JL, Doi M (1993) Anomalous rheological behavior of ordered phases of block copolymers. 1. Macromolecules 26:4928–4934. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00070a029
Olmsted PD (2008) Perspectives on shear banding in complex fluids. Rheol Acta 47:283–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-008-0260-9
Parisi O, Scrivano L, Candamano S, Ruffo M, Vattimo A, Spanedda M, Puoci F (2017) Molecularly imprinted microrods via mesophase polymerization. Molecules 23:63. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010063
Phan-Thien N, Safari-Ardi M, Morales-Patino A (1997) Oscillatory and simple shear flows of a flour-water dough: a constitutive model. Rheol Acta 36:38–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00366722
Qavi S, Firestone MA, Foudazi R (2019a) Elasticity and yielding of mesophases of block copolymers in water-oil mixtures. Soft Matter 15:5626–5637. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SM02336K
Qavi S, Lindsay A, Firestone M, Foudazi R (2019b) Ultrafiltration membranes from polymerization of self-assembled Pluronic block copolymer mesophases. J Membr Sci 580:125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.060
Ramos L, Molino F, Porte G (2000) Shear melting in lyotropic hexagonal phases. Langmuir 16:5846–5848. https://doi.org/10.1021/LA000276K
Richtering W, Laeuger J, Linemann R (1994) Shear orientation of a micellar hexagonal liquid crystalline phase: a rheo and small angle light scattering study. Langmuir 10:4374–4379. https://doi.org/10.1021/la00023a073
Riise BL, Fredrickson GH, Larson RG, Pearson DS (1995) Rheology and shear-induced alignment of lamellar diblock and triblock copolymers. Macromolecules 28:7653–7659. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00127a010
Rodriguez-Abreu C, Acharya DP, Aramaki K, Kunieda H (2005) Structure and rheology of direct and reverse liquid-crystal phases in a block copolymer/water/oil system. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 269:59–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.06.061
Salmon J-B, Manneville S, Colin A (2003a) Shear banding in a lyotropic lamellar phase. I. Time-averaged velocity profiles. Phys Rev E 68:51503. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.68.051503
Salmon J-B, Manneville S, Colin A (2003b) Shear banding in a lyotropic lamellar phase. II Temporal fluctuations. Phys Rev E 68:51504. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.68.051504
Schall P, van Hecke M (2009) Shear bands in matter with granularity. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 42:67–88. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-121108-145544
Scherrer P (1912) Bestimmung der inneren Struktur und der Größe von Kolloidteilchen mittels Röntgenstrahlen. In: Kolloidchemie Ein Lehrbuch. Springer, Berlin, pp 387–409
Schmidt G, Müller S, Lindner P, Schmidt C, Richtering W (1998) Shear orientation of lyotropic hexagonal phases. J Phys Chem B 102:507–513. https://doi.org/10.1021/JP9725745
Sebastian JM, Lai C, William WG, Richard AR (2002) Steady-shear rheology of block copolymer melts and concentrated solutions: disordering stress in body-centered-cubic systems. Macromolecules 35:2707–2713. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma011523+
Shereda LT, Larson RG, Solomon MJ (2010) Shear banding in crystallizing colloidal suspensions. Korea-Australia Rheol J 22:309–316
Sievens-Figueroa L, Guymon CA (2009) Cross-linking of reactive lyotropic liquid crystals for nanostructure retention. Chem Mater 21:1060–1068. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm803383d
Sollich P (1998) Rheological constitutive equation for a model of soft glassy materials. Phys Rev E 58:738–759. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.58.738
Svensson B, Olsson U, Alexandridis P (2000) Self-assembly of block copolymers in selective solvents: influence of relative block size on phase behavior. Langmuir 16:6839–6846. https://doi.org/10.1021/la9916629
Valiente M, Álvarez M (2001) 1-Butanol and 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol as cosurfactants of the laurylsulfobetaine/water system. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 183–185:235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(01)00551-9
Warren SC, Messina LC, Slaughter LS, Kamperman M, Zhou Q, Gruner SM, DiSalvo FJ, Wiesner U (2008) Ordered mesoporous materials from metal nanoparticle-block copolymer self-assembly. Science 320:1748–1752. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159950
Wissbrun KF (1981) Analysis of linear viscoelasticity of a crosslinking polymer at the gel point journal of rheology. Rheol Prop Polym Liq Cryst J Rheol 25:539–662. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.549634
Yang L, Alexandridis P (2000) Physicochemical aspects of drug delivery and release from polymer-based colloids. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 5:132–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0294(00)00046-7
Yerushalmi J, Katz S, Shinnar R (1970) The stability of steady shear flows of some viscoelastic fluids. Chem Eng Sci 25:1891–1902. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(70)87007-5
Zhou M, Nemade PR, Lu X, Zeng X, Hatakeyama ES, Noble RD, Gin DL (2007) New type of membrane material for water desalination based on a cross-linked bicontinuous cubic lyotropic liquid crystal assembly. J Am Chem Soc 129:9574–9575. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja073067w
Zipfel J, Berghausen J, Schmidt G, Lindner P, Alexandridis P, Tsianou M, Richtering W (1999) Shear induced structures in lamellar phases of amphiphilic block copolymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 1:3905–3910. https://doi.org/10.1039/A904014E
Zipfel J, Berghausen J, Schmidt G, Lindner P, Alexandridis P, Richtering W (2002) Influence of shear on solvated amphiphilic block copolymers with lamellar morphology. Macromolecules 35:4064–4074. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0116912
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Millicent Firestone and Elijah Wade for assistance with SAXS measurements. This work was partly supported by Bureau of Reclamation (Agreement No. R10AC80283). This work was performed, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, an Office of Science User Facility operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science. Los Alamos National Laboratory, an affirmative action equal opportunity employer, is managed by Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA, under contract 89233218CNA000001. The rheometer was purchased through National Science Foundation Award #1438584. The authors acknowledge the support of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, in providing the neutron research facilities used in this work. The authors also thank Dr. Yun Liu and Dr. Kathleen Weigandt for their help in rheo-SANS study
Funding
This work was partly supported by the Bureau of Reclamation (Agreement No. R10AC80283). The rheometer was purchased through the National Science Foundation Award #1438584.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Part of a Special Issue “Novel Trends in Rheology”
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
Start-up shear data in stress relaxation experiments (DOCX 165 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Qavi, S., Foudazi, R. Rheological characteristics of mesophases of block copolymer solutions. Rheol Acta 58, 483–498 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-019-01162-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-019-01162-y