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The changes in south Asian summer monsoon circulation during the mid-Piacenzian warm period

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Abstract

The Mid-Piacenzian (MP; approximately 3.3-3.0 Ma) was a relatively warm period in geological time and this past warming climate was in some respects comparable to the near future greenhouse warming climate projections. How the regional summer monsoons responded to the MP warming is an important scientific concern. Using the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (PlioMIP2) simulations, this study explores the changes in South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) circulation during the MP based on the 3-pattern decomposition of global atmospheric circulation (3P-DGAC) method. The results show that both the zonal and meridional SASM circulations remarkably strengthened during the MP warm period. This is fundamentally different from a weakened SASM circulation response to the near future greenhouse warming forcing that has been reported by previous studies. On the one hand, the enhanced zonal SASM circulation during the MP was closely linked with warmer mid-upper tropospheric temperature over Eastern Eurasia than the tropical Indian Ocean. The increased meridional temperature gradient can induce easterly (westerly) anomalies at the upper-level (low-level) troposphere across the SASM region via the thermal-wind relation, strengthening the zonal SASM circulation. On the other hand, the anomalous convective heating associated with excessively increased North African summer monsoon rainfall during the MP period warms the mid-upper troposphere over North Africa, resulting in an increased west-minus-east temperature gradient across the SASM region. Such a zonal temperature gradient change at the mid-upper troposphere can enhance the meridional SASM circulation as well. Implications of the fundamental difference between the SASM circulation responses to the MP and near future warming climates are discussed.

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Data availability

The GPCP precipitation and NCEP2 wind data are obtained from https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.gpcp.html and https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis2.html, respectively. The PlioMIP2 outputs from CESM2, EC-Earth3-LR, GISS-E2-1-G, IPSL-CM6A-LR, and NorESM1-F can be obtained from the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF, https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/, last access: 1 October 2022). The PlioMIP2 outputs from CCSM4 and CESM1.2 can be obtained from https://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/ (last access: 11 November 2021, Feng et al. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS002033). Other PlioMIP2 outputs, please send a request to Alan M. Haywood (a.m.haywood@leeds.ac.uk).

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the climate modeling groups (Table 1) for producing their model outputs, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Program for Climate Model Diagnostics and Inter-comparison for providing coordinating support and leading development of software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals, and the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling for the CMIP6.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42305053, 41975100, and 42106016), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M711003), the Independent Research Project of the National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention (5230248D2), the State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (No. SKLLQG2212), the MEL Visiting Fellowship (MELRS2342), and the Key Scientific and Technological Project of the Ministry of Water Resources, China (SKS-2022001).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Oceanography & Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, China

    Zixuan Han & Gen Li

  2. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, China

    Zixuan Han

  3. State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

    Gen Li

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  1. Zixuan Han
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  2. Gen Li
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Contributions

G.L. conceptualized the idea for the study. Z.H. performed the analysis. Z.H. and G.L. wrote the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Gen Li.

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Han, Z., Li, G. The changes in south Asian summer monsoon circulation during the mid-Piacenzian warm period. Clim Dyn (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07179-1

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