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Temperature measurements of micro-droplets using pulsed 2-color laser-induced fluorescence with MDR-enhanced energy transfer

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Abstract

In this work, a new measurement system is presented for studying temperature of micro-droplets by pulsed 2-color laser-induced fluorescence. Pulsed fluorescence excitation allows motion blur suppression and thus simultaneous measurements of droplet size, velocity and temperature. However, high excitation intensities of pulsed lasers lead to morphology-dependent resonances inside micro-droplets, which are accompanied by disruptive stimulated emission. Investigations showed that stimulated emission can be avoided by enhanced energy transfer via an additional dye. The suitability and accuracy of the new pulsed method are verified on the basis of a spectroscopic analysis and comparison to continuously excited 2-color laser-induced fluorescence.

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Notes

  1. Also known as 2-color planar laser-induced fluorescence or 2cPLIF.

  2. Images of droplet chains that suffer from motion blur show a jet-like structure with the diameter of the droplets.

  3. Pulsed 2D-2cLIF was already introduced for temperature measurements of a turbulent heated jet, where no MDRs arise, but fluorescence is saturated (Bruchhausen et al. 2005; Chaze et al. 2016).

  4. The quality factor of resonance modes is defined as Chen and Mohiuddin (1996): Q = 2π(stored energy)/(Energy lost per cycle)

  5. \(I^*(\lambda ) = I(\lambda )/I_\text{max}.\)

  6. Increasing the volume flow while keeping the droplet size constant requires adaption of the piezo frequency.

  7. See Sect. 3.2.

  8. Also known as QED-enhanced energy transfer.

  9. Assuming a fluorescence photon lifetime of 2 ns and a droplet size of \(10~\upmu {\hbox{m}}\) leads to a photon travel distance of 0.6 m and about 20.000 droplet circulations and thus to a significant increased probability of absorption.

  10. The droplet generator’s frequency accounts for 77 kHz.

  11. Local peaks of MDRs (Fig. 8, B2, magnification) can be used to calculate the droplet size (Anand et al. 2003; Chen and Mohiuddin 1996; Chang and Campillo 1996; Chýlek 1990). Such droplet size determination requires identification of each local peak as transverse electric (TE) mode or transverse magnetic (TM) mode of the resonance. This identification process is complex and only possible by comparison of experimental results and MDR simulations (Tang et al. 2011; Chen and Mohiuddin 1996). As a matter of fact, identified MDR modes may also be used to determine physical fluid properties such as refractive index, surface tension or viscosity (Chang and Campillo 1996). As long as liquid properties are known, their temperature dependency can be used for temperature measurement as well.

  12. As plot B2 indicates, several measurements were conducted with little excitation energy (minimum output: \(0.9~\hbox{W/cm}^2.\)

  13. The error becomes by definition, smaller for an increased number of images (n) by the factor 1/\(\sqrt{n}\). As the error reduces with every recorded droplet or image, statistical significance is inevitably reached at some point.

  14. Values of the maximum fluorescence intensity per droplet are shown in Figs. 8 and 10.

  15. Both diagrams do not contain any results for CW configuration, since motion blur prohibits identification of single droplets.

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Acknowledgements

This work was performed as part of the Cluster of Excellence “Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass”, which is funded by the excellence initiative of the German federal and state governments to promote science and research at German universities.

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  1. Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer, RWTH Aachen University, Augustinerbach 6, 52062, Aachen, Germany

    Johannes Palmer, Manuel A. Reddemann, Valeri Kirsch & Reinhold Kneer

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Correspondence to Johannes Palmer.

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Palmer, J., Reddemann, M.A., Kirsch, V. et al. Temperature measurements of micro-droplets using pulsed 2-color laser-induced fluorescence with MDR-enhanced energy transfer. Exp Fluids 57, 177 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-016-2253-2

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