Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Paclobutrazol Induces Photochemical Efficiency in Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Under Water Stress and Affects Leaf Yield Without Influencing Biotic Interactions

  • Published:
Journal of Plant Growth Regulation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Mulberry (Morus spp.) is an important plant used for rearing silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). Its fruit is also used for human consumption with several medicinal properties. Most of the mulberry cultivation in India is under the risk of either intermittent or terminal drought, as 50% of the country’s mulberry acreage falls under arid and semi-arid conditions. Triazole-induced abiotic stress tolerance has been used successfully in many horticultural crops including planted trees. In order to understand the underlying mechanism, the effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ), a triazole, was studied on physiological tolerance in mulberry under water stress, and rainfed conditions. During pot experiment, PBZ improved photosynthetic accumulation of CO2 under water stress conditions, thus improving survival percentage. Different concentrations of PBZ (5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 mg L−1) were applied in field during rainfed conditions. Lower concentration (10–25 mg L−1) of PBZ significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved leaf biomass by increasing net photosynthetic rates. Increase in the photochemical efficiency of PSII and higher NPQ mediated through xanthophyll cycle was found to be the mechanism for these physiological effects. PBZ also reduced lipid peroxidation by inducing enzymatic antioxidants and redox metabolites. Bioassays do not suggest any negative interactions on silkworm or on downstream processing of silk. This study, therefore, provides mechanism of physiological tolerance and recommends the use of PBZ to mitigate stressful environment in planted trees under water stress and rainfed conditions. Results have been discussed in context of improving commercial silk yield.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56, vol 300, no. 9. FAO, Rome, p D05109

  • Aro EM, McCaffery S, Anderson JM (1993) Photoinhibition and Dl protein degradation in peas acclimated to different growth irradiances. Plant Physiol 103:835–843

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Babu TM, Reddy AS, Basha PA, Naik ST (2014) Transpiration and photosynthesis as affected by triazoles in mulberry (Morus alba L.). Indian J Adv Chem Sci. 2:271–274

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bai S, Chaney WR, Qi Y (2005) Wound closure in trees affected by paclobutrazol. J Arboric 3:273

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee R, Roychoudhury S, Sau H, Das BK, Saha AK, Saratchandra B, Bajpai AK (2011) Phenotypic divergence in mulberry (Morus spp.) germplasm collections. J Crop Imp. 25:459–471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baninasab B, Ghobadi C (2011) Influence of paclobutrazol and application methods on high-temperature stress injury in cucumber seedlings. J Plant Growth Regul 30:213–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bañón Arias S, Franco Leemhuis JA, Sánchez Blanco MJ (2013) Regulation of growth in ornamental plants. In: Master in advanced techniques for research and development in food and agriculture. 74

  • Berova M, Zlatev Z (2000) Physiological response and yield of paclobutrazol treated tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Plant Growth Regul 30:117–123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat HA, Kaur T, Bhat R, Vyas D (2016) Physiological and biochemical plasticity of Lepidium latifolium L. as ‘sleeper weed’ in Western Himalayas. Physiol Plant 156(3):278–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bond WJ, Midgley JJ (2001) Ecology of sprouting in woody plants: the persistence niche. Trends Ecol Evol 16:45–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaitanya KV, Sundar D, Masilamani S, Reddy AR (2002) Variation in heat stress-induced antioxidant enzyme activities among three mulberry cultivars. Plant Growth Regul 36:175–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapin FS, Schulze ED, Mooney HA (1990) The ecology and economics of storage in plants. Ann Rev Ecol Syst. 21:423–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaves MM, Pereira JS, Maroco J, Rodrigues ML, Ricardo CPP, Osório ML, Carvalho I, Faria T, Pinheiro C (2002) How plants cope with water stress in the field? Photosynthesis and growth. Ann Bot. 89:907–916

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen PN, Chu SC, Chiou HL, Kuo WH, Chiang CL, Hsieh YS (2006) Mulberry anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside, exhibited an inhibitory effect on the migration and invasion of a human lung cancer cell line. Cancer Lett 235:248–259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Datta RK (2002) Mulberry cultivation and utilization in India. In: Sanchez MD (ed) Mulberry for animal production. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper, vol 147, pp 45-62

  • Dwivedi SK, Arora A, Kumar S (2017) Paclobutrazol-induced alleviation of water-deficit damage in relation to photosynthetic characteristics and expression of stress markers in contrasting wheat genotypes. Photosynthetica 55(2):351–359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (1990) Sericulture training manual. Agricultural Services Bulletin No. 80. FAO, Rome

  • Fletcher RA, Gilley A, Davis TD, Sankhla N (2000) Triazoles as plant growth regulators and stress protectants. Horticult Rev. 24:55–138

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh A, Chikara J, Chaudhary DR, Prakash AR, Boricha G, Zala A (2010) Paclobutrazol arrests vegetative growth and unveils unexpressed yield potential of Jatropha curcas. J Plant Growth Regul 29:307–315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann K (1990) Plant growth retardants as tools in physiological research. Physiol Plant 78:640–648

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guha A, Sengupta D, Kumar RG, Reddy AR (2010a) An integrated diagnostic approach to understand drought tolerance in mulberry (Morus indica L.). Flora. 205:144–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guha A, Sengupta D, Reddy AR (2010b) Physiological optimality, allocation trade-offs and antioxidant protection linked to better leaf yield performance in drought exposed mulberry. J Sci Food Agric 90:2649–2659

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hajihashemi S, Ehsanpour AA (2013) Influence of exogenously applied paclobutrazol on some physiological traits and growth of Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro drought stress. Biologia 68:414–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hajihashemi S, Kiarostami K, Saboora A, Enteshari S (2007) Exogenously applied paclobutrazol modulates growth in salt-stressed wheat plants. Plant Growth Regul 53:117–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock JT, Desikan R, Neill SJ, Cross AR (2004) New equations for redox and nano-signal transduction. J Theor Biol 226:65–68

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hassimott NMA, Genovese MI, Lajolo FM (2005) Antioxidant activity of dietary fruits, vegetables, and commercial frozen fruit pulps. J Agric Food Chem 53:2928–2935

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He N, Zhang C, Qi X, Zhao S, Tao Y, Yang G, Lee TH, Wang X, Cai Q, Li D, Lu M (2013) Draft genome sequence of the mulberry tree Morus notabilis. Nat Comm. 4:2445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heath RL, Packer L (1968) Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 125:189–198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holt NE, Fleming GR, Niyogi KK (2004) Toward an understanding of the mechanism of nonphotochemical quenching in green plants. Biochem. 43:8281–8289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaleel CA, Gopi R, Manivannan P, Panneerselvam R (2007a) Responses of antioxidant defense system of Catharanthus roseus (L.) to paclobutrazol treatment under salinity. Acta Physiol Plant 29:205–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaleel CA, Manivannan P, Kishorekumar A, Sankar B, Gopi R, Somasundaram R, Panneerselvam R (2007b) Alterations in osmoregulation, antioxidant enzymes and indole alkaloid levels in Catharanthus roseus exposed to water deficit. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces. 59:150–157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaleel CA, Manivannan P, Sankar B, Kishorekumar A, Sankari S, Panneerselva R (2007c) Paclobutrazol enhances photosynthesis and ajmalicine production in Catharanthus roseus. Process Biochem 42:1566–1570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MP, Davison PA, Ruban AV, Horton P (2008) The xanthophyll cycle pool size controls the kinetics of non-photochemical quenching in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 582:262–266

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jubany-Mar T, Alegre-Batlle L, Jiang K, Feldman LJ (2010) Use of a redox-sensitive GFP (c-roGFP1) for real-time monitoring of cytosol redox status in Arabidopsis thaliana water-stressed plants. FEBS Lett 584:889–897

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur T, Bhat HA, Raina A, Koul S, Vyas D (2013) Glutathione regulates enzymatic antioxidant defence with differential thiol content in perennial pepperweed and helps adapting to extreme environment. Acta Physiol Plant 35:2501–2511

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kingston-Smith AH, Harbinson J, Williams J, Foyer CH (1997) Effect of chilling on carbon assimilation, enzyme activation, and photosynthetic electron transport in the absence of photoinhibition in maize leaves. Plant Physiol 114:1039–1046

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kishorekumar A, Jaleel CA, Manivannan P, Sankar B, Sridharan R, Panneerselvam R (2007) Comparative effects of different triazole compounds on growth, photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrate metabolism of Solenostemon rotundifolius. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces. 60:207–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kraus TE, Fletcher RA (1994) Paclobutrazol protects wheat seedlings from heat and paraquat injury. Is detoxification of active oxygen involved? Plant Cell Physiol 35:45–52

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar VR, Chauhan S (2008) Mulberry: life enhancer. J Medicinal Plants Res. 2:271–278

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lichev V, Berova M, Zlatev Z (2001) Effect of cultar on the photosynthetic apparatus and growth of cherry trees. Bulg J Agric Sci 7:29–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittler R (2002) Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 7:405–410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohan R, Dhingra RK, Khan MA (2011) Screening of mulberry genotypes suitable for plantation in Doon valley. Ecoscan. 1:295–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohan R, Pandey RK, Raina SK, Tayal MK, Dhar A, Sahaf KA (2012) Exploring the possibilities of third sericulture crop in Jammu region. Ecoscan. 1:307–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohan R, Aslam M, Singh S, Dhar A (2013) Germplasm of improved mulberry genotypes-suitable as source for plantation in tarai region of Uttar Pradesh. Ecoscan. 4:207–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Munné-Bosch S, Alegre L (2000) Changes in carotenoids, tocopherols and diterpenes during drought and recovery, and the biological significance of chlorophyll loss in Rosmarinus officinalis plants. Planta 210:925–993

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myers JA, Kitajima K (2007) Carbohydrate storage enhances seedling shade and stress tolerance in a neotropical forest. J Ecol 95:383–395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noctor G (2006) Metabolic signalling in defence and stress: the central roles of soluble redox couples. Plant Cell Environ 29:409–425

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noctor G, Foyer CH (1998) Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control. Ann Rev Plant Biol. 49:249–279

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ok HM, Park JE, Ryu NH, hee KJ, Kwon O (2012) The effect of aqueous mulberry leaf extract on glucose metabolism in subjects with impaired fasting glucose. The FASEB J 26:lb440

    Google Scholar 

  • Osmond B, Badger M, Maxwell K, Björkman O, Leegood R (1997) Too many photons: photorespiration, photoinhibition and photooxidation. Trends Plant Sci 2:119–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Percival GC, Noviss K (2008) Triazole induced drought tolerance in horse chesnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). Tree Physiol 28:1685–1692

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powles SB (1984) Photoinhibition of photosynthesis induced by visible light. Ann Rev Plant Physiol. 35:15–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prado SG, Steven DF (2013) Tritrophic effects of plant growth regulators in an aphid-parasitoid system. Biol Cont 66(1):72–76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pulido F, Moreno G, García E, Obrador JJ, Bonal R, Díaz M (2014) Resource manipulation reveals flexible allocation rules to growth and reproduction in a Mediterranean evergreen oak. J Plant Ecol. 7:77–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabert GA, Manivannan P, Somasundaram R, Panneerselvam R (2014) Triazole compounds alters the antioxidant and osmoprotectant status in drought stressed Helianthus annuus L. plants. Emir J Food Agric. 26:265–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rademacher W (2015) Plant growth regulators: backgrounds and uses in plant production. J Plant Growth Reg. 34(4):845–872

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajaram S, Qadri S (2014) Computation of irrigation water requirements, its managements and calendering in mulberry crop for sustainable sericulture under Tamil Nadu conditions. Internal J Engg Sci 4(1):1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramanjulu S, Sudhakar C (2000) Proline metabolism during dehydration in two mulberry genotypes with contrasting drought tolerance. J Plant Physiol 157:81–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer FQ, Buettner GR (2001) Redox environment of the cell as viewed through the redox state of the glutathione disulfide/glutathione couple. Free Rad Biol Med. 30:1191–1212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Setua M, Sengupta T, Sarkar A, Ghosh A, Ghosh MK (2012) Identification of photosynthetic efficient elite mulberry genotypes physio-biochemical study under irrigated condition of West Bengal. J Crop Weed. 8:75–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Sreethar VM (1991) Proline accumulation and reduced transpiration in the leaves of triazole treated mulberry plant. Indian Bot Rep 101:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Vijayan K, Srivastava PP, Raghunath MK, Saratchandra P (2011) Enhancement of stress tolerance in mulberry. Sci Hortic 129:511–519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vyas D, Kumar S, Ahuja PS (2007) Tea (Camellia sinensis) clones with shorter periods of winter dormancy exhibit lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Tree Physiol 27:1253–1259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waqas M, Yaning C, Iqbal H, Shareef M, Rehman H, Yang Y (2017) Paclobutrazol improves salt tolerance in quinoa: beyond the stomatal and biochemical interventions. J Agron Crop Sci 203(4):315–322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xia Q, Li S, Feng Q (2014) Advances in silkworm studies accelerated by the genome sequencing of Bombyx mori. Annu Rev Entomol 59:513–536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yooyongwech S, Samphumphuang T, Tisarum R, Theerawitaya C, Cha-Um S (2017) Water-deficit tolerance in sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] by foliar application of paclobutrazol: role of soluble sugar and free proline. Front Plant Sci. 8:1400

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao H, Cao HH, Pan MZ, Sun YX, Liu TX (2017) The role of plant growth regulators in a plant–aphid–parasitoid tritrophic system. J Plant Growth Reg. 36(4):868–876

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W (1999) The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem 64:555–559

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Director, IIIM Jammu, for providing necessary facilities and allowing to collaborate with Central Silk Board. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of SERB-DST in form of extramural Grant No EMR/2016/003769.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Regional Sericultural Research Station, Central Silk Board, Miran Sahib, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 181101, India

    Rajat Mohan

  2. Biodiversity and Applied Botany Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India

    Tarandeep Kaur, Hilal A. Bhat, Manu Khajuria & Dhiraj Vyas

  3. Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Baba Saheb Ambedkar Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006, India

    Sikander Pal

Authors
  1. Rajat Mohan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tarandeep Kaur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hilal A. Bhat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Manu Khajuria
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sikander Pal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Dhiraj Vyas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dhiraj Vyas.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (PPTX 1788 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mohan, R., Kaur, T., Bhat, H.A. et al. Paclobutrazol Induces Photochemical Efficiency in Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Under Water Stress and Affects Leaf Yield Without Influencing Biotic Interactions. J Plant Growth Regul 39, 205–215 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-019-09975-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-019-09975-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation