Salinity effect-induced ENSO amplitude modulation in association with the interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

Zhi, Hai; Wang, Xiaokun; Zhang, Rong-Hua; Lin, Pengfei; Qi, Jifeng

doi:10.1007/s00343-023-3129-y

Salinity effect-induced ENSO amplitude modulation in association with the interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

Published: 04 April 2024

(2024)
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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Hai Zhi¹,
Xiaokun Wang¹,
Rong-Hua Zhang^2,3,
Pengfei Lin⁴ &
…
Jifeng Qi^3,5

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Abstract

A 110-year ensemble simulation of an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) was analyzed to identify the modulation of salinity interdecadal variability on El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude in the tropical Pacific during 1901–2010. The simulating results show that sea surface salinity (SSS) variation in the region exhibits notable and coherent interdecadal variability signal, which is closely associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). As salinity increases or reduces, the SSS modulations on ENSO amplitude during its warm/cold events vary asymmetrically with positive/negative IPO phases. Physically, salinity interdecadal variability can enhance or reduce ENSO-related conditions in upper-ocean stratification, contributing noticeably to ENSO variability. Salinity anomalies associated with the mixed layer depth and barrier layer thickness can modulate ENSO amplitude during positive and negative IPO phases, resulting in the asymmetry of sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the tropical Pacific. During positive IPO phases, SSS interdecadal variability contributes positively to El Niño amplitude but negatively to La Niña amplitude by enhancing or reducing SSS interannual variability, and vice versa during negative IPO phases. Quantitatively, the results indicate that the modulation of the ENSO amplitude by the SSS interdecadal variability is −15%–28% during negative IPO phases and −30%–20% during positive IPO phases, respectively. Evidently, the SSS interdecadal variability associated with IPO and its modulation on ENSO amplitude in the tropical Pacific are among factors essentially contributing ENSO diversity.

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Asymmetry of Salinity Variability in the Tropical Pacific during Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation Phases

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Data Availability Statement

All simulation data generated by the LASG/IAP Climate System Ocean Model (LICOM) developed by ocean group of Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (LIN Pengfei, LIU Hailong et al.).

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The authors also wish to thank the computer resources from Earthlab in IAP.

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College of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Hai Zhi & Xiaokun Wang
School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Rong-Hua Zhang
Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China
Rong-Hua Zhang & Jifeng Qi
State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
Pengfei Lin
Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
Jifeng Qi

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Hai Zhi
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Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42030410) and the Laoshan Laboratory (No. LSKJ202202403). Dr. Rong-Hua ZHANG is additionally supported by the Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of NUIST

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Zhi, H., Wang, X., Zhang, RH. et al. Salinity effect-induced ENSO amplitude modulation in association with the interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. J. Ocean. Limnol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-023-3129-y

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Received: 03 July 2023
Accepted: 03 November 2023
Published: 04 April 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-023-3129-y

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Salinity effect-induced ENSO amplitude modulation in association with the interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

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Salinity effect-induced ENSO amplitude modulation in association with the interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

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