Abstract
Multipass cells (MPC) have been widely used for high-sensitivity spectroscopic measurements. We report the linear scalability in the configuration design of an MPC, which is derived from ray transfer equations in the non-paraxial approximation. As a proof of principle, twelve sets of Herriot-type cells ranging from 4.6 × 4.6 × 12.3 to 57.1 × 57.1 × 147.7 mm3 were investigated with their beam patterns and optical path lengths modeled. By taking the non-intersecting seven-circle beam pattern as a typical example, the designated beam patterns were successfully reproduced by modeling and the optical path length scales linearly with the cell size. Two sets of MPCs were also fabricated by additive manufacturing to further justify the rationale of linear scalability. Possible effects of beam spot size and the signal-to-noise ratio on the miniaturization and escalation of MPCs were discussed. This work contributes to a new insight into the cell configuration and will be useful for accelerating the cell design at various scales.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.
References
A. Manninen, B. Tuzson, H. Looser, Y. Bonetti, L. Emmenegger, Versatile multipass cell for laser spectroscopic trace gas analysis. Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt. 109, 461–466 (2012)
K. Liu, L. Wang, T. Tan, G. Wang, W. Zhang, W. Chen, X. Gao, Highly sensitive detection of methane by near-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy using a compact dense-pattern multipass cell. Sens. Actuators, B Chem. 220, 1000–1005 (2015)
T. Wei, H. Wu, L. Dong, R. Cui, S. Jia, Palm-sized methane TDLAS sensor based on a mini-multi-pass cell and a quartz tuning fork as a thermal detector. Opt. Express. 29, 12357 (2021)
A.H. Pfund, An infrared spectrometer of large aperture. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 14, 337–338 (1927)
J.U. White, Long optical paths of large aperture. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 32, 285–288 (1942)
D. Herriott, H. Kogelnik, R. Kompfner, Off-axis paths in spherical mirror interferometers. Appl. Opt. 3, 523 (1964)
A. Sennaroglu, J. Fujimoto, Design criteria for Herriott-type multi-pass cavities for ultrashort pulse lasers. Opt. Express. 11, 1106 (2003)
M. Graf, L. Emmenegger, B. Tuzson, Compact, circular, and optically stable multipass cell for mobile laser absorption spectroscopy. Opt. Lett. 43, 2434–2437 (2018)
Z. Yang, M. Zou, L. Sun, Generalized optical design of the multiple-row circular multi-pass cell with dense spot pattern. Opt. Express. 27, 32883 (2019)
Y. Cao, G. Cheng, G. Wang, X. Tian, L. Li, Y. Cao, C. Sun, H. Yang, Design and simulation of a multipass cell consisting of two plane mirrors and a biconvex lens. Opt. Eng. 59, 1 (2020)
R. Cui, L. Dong, H. Wu, S. Li, X. Yin, L. Zhang, W. Ma, W. Yin, F.K. Tittel, Calculation model of dense spot pattern multi-pass cells based on a spherical mirror aberration. Opt. Lett. 44, 1108 (2019)
R. Cui, L. Dong, H. Wu, W. Chen, F.K. Tittel, Generalized optical design of two-spherical-mirror multi-pass cells with dense multi-circle spot patterns. Appl. Phys. Lett. 116, 091103 (2020)
Y. Cao, Z. Xu, X. Tian, G. Cheng, C. Liu, Y. Zhang, Generalized calculation model of different types of optical multi-pass cells based on refraction and reflection law. Opt. Laser Technol. 139, 106958 (2021)
R. Cui, L. Dong, H. Wu, W. Ma, L. Xiao, S. Jia, W. Chen, F.K. Tittel, Three-dimensional printed miniature fiber-coupled multipass cells with dense spot patterns for ppb-level methane detection using a near-IR diode laser. Anal. Chem. 92, 13034–13041 (2020)
W. Ren, L. Luo, F.K. Tittel, Chemical sensitive detection of formaldehyde using an interband cascade laser near 3 6 um. Sens. Actuators B. Chem. 221, 1062–1068 (2015)
O. Altun, P. Wolniak, I. Mozgova, R. Lachmayer, An analysis of scaling methods for structural components in the context of size effects and nonlinear phenomena, in: Int. Des. Conf. 2020, 2020: pp. 797–806.
K. Rettschlag, T. Grabe, P. Müller, R. Lachmayer, Additive fertigung als erfolgsfaktor für digitale prozessketten, in: Konstr. Für Die Addit. Fert. 2020, 2021: pp. 1–16.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (52206070), Venture & Innovation Support Program for Chongqing Overseas Returnees (cx2021080), Innovative Research Group Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (52021004), GROTESK—Generative Fertigung optischer, thermaler und struktureller Komponenten", funded by EFRE—NBank (ZW6-85018307) and Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (EXC 2122, Project ID 390833453) funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) within Germany’s Excellence Strategy. We thank Prof. Liu Kun at Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences for help in the MPC alignment.
Funding
Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, 52021004, National Natural Science Foundation of China, 52206070, Venture & Innovation Support Program for Chongqing Overseas Returnees, cx2021080, EFRE-NBank, ZW6-85018307, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 390833453.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Junjun proposed the idea, conducted theoretical analysis, and wrote the main manuscript text; Tobias designed the experiment, conducted the modeling, and also wrote part of the manuscript; Jan-Luca & Joshua conducted the experiments and implemented the modeling; The rest authors have helped or participated in the discussion and provided very useful suggestions to improve this work; All authors reviewed the manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, J., Grabe, T., Götz, JL. et al. Linear scalability of dense-pattern Herriott-type multipass cell design. Appl. Phys. B 129, 87 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-023-08031-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-023-08031-w