Abstract
This article presents the conception and the conceptual results of a modelling representation of the farming systems of the Linearbandkeramik Culture (LBK). Assuming that there were permanent fields (PF) then, we suggest four ways that support the sustainability of such a farming system over time: a generalized pollarding and coppicing of trees to increase the productivity of woodland areas for foddering more livestock, which itself can then provide more manure for the fields, a generalized use of pulses grown together with cereals during the same cropping season, thereby reducing the needs for manure. Along with assumptions limiting bias on village and family organizations, the conceptual model which we propose for human environment in the LBK aims to be sustainable for long periods and can thereby overcome doubts about the PFs hypothesis for the LBK farming system. Thanks to a reconstruction of the climate of western Europe and the consequent vegetation pattern and productivity arising from it, we propose a protocol of experiments and validation procedures for both testing the PFs hypothesis and defining its eco-geographical area.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams S (1975) Sheep and cattle grazing in the forests: a review. J Appl Ecol 12:143–152
Arbogast RM, Jeunesse C, Schibler J (2001) Rolle und Bedeutung der Jagd während des Frühneolithikums Mitteleuropas (Linearbandkeramik 5500–4900 v. Chr.) Internationale Archäologie: Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Symposium, Tagung, Kongress 1. Leidorf, Rahden/Westf
Ayantunde A, Williams TO, Udo HMJ, Fernandez-Rivera S, Hiernaux P, Van Keulen H (2000) Herders’ perceptions, practice, and problems of night grazing in the Sahel: case studies from Niger. Hum Ecol 28:109–130
Ayantunde A, Fernandez-Rivera S, Hiernaux P, Van Keulen H, Udo HMJ (2002) Day and night grazing by cattle in the Sahel. J Range Man 55:139–143
Bailloud G (1975) Avant l’histoire. In: Duby G, Wallon A (eds) Histoire de la France rurale: Tome 1, La formation des campagnes françaises des origines à 1340. Seuil, Paris, pp 119–189
Bakels C (1978) Four Linearbandkeramik settlements and their environment: a palaeoecological study of Sittard, Stein, Elsloo and Hienheim. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 11
Bakels C (2009) Heirs to the first farmers: 4900 b.c.–4300 b.c.: the western European loess belt. In: Bakels C (ed) The western European loess belt: agrarian history, 5300 b.c.–a.d. 1000. Springer, Berlin, pp 55–64
Bernard V, Renaudin S, Marguerie D (2006) Evidence of trimmed oaks (Quercus sp.) in north western France during the early Middle Ages (9th–11th centuries a.d.). In: Dufraisse A (ed) Charcoal analysis: new analytical tools and methods for archaeology. BAR Int Ser 1483, Archaeopress, Oxford, pp 103–108
Bocquet-Appel JP, Moussa R, Dubouloz J (2014a) Multi-agent modelling of the Neolithic LBK. In: Computers Applications & Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, Paris, pp 22–25
Bocquet-Appel J-P, Dubouloz J, Moussa R, Berger J-F et al (2014b) Multi-Agent modelling of the Trajectory of the LBK Neolithic: a study in progress. In: Whittle A, Bickle P (eds) Early Farmers: the view from Archaeology and Science. Proc Prehist Soc Brit Acad, London
Boelicke U, Von Brandt D, Lüning J, Stehli P, Zimmermann A (1988) Der bandkeramische Siedlungsplatz Langweiler 8, Gemeinde Aldenhoven, Kreis Düren. (Rheinische Ausgrabungen 28) von Zabern, Darmstadt
Bogaard A (2002) Questioning the relevance of shifting cultivation to neolithic farming in the loess belt of Europe: evidence from the Hambach forest experiment. Veget Hist Archaeobot 11:155–168
Bogaard A (2004) Neolithic farming in central Europe. Routledge, London
Bogaard A (2005) ‘Garden agriculture’ and the nature of early farming in Europe and the Near East. World Archaeol 37:177–196
Bogaard A, Jones G (2007) Neolithic farming in Britain and central Europe: contrast or continuity? Proc Br Acad 144:357–375
Bogaard A, Jones G, Charles M (2005) The impact of crop processing on the reconstruction of crop sowing time and cultivation intensity from archaeobotanical weed evidence. Veget Hist Archaeobot 14:505–509
Bogaard A, Krause R, Strien H-C (2011) Towards a social geography of cultivation and plant use in an early farming community: Vaihingen an der Enz, south-west Germany. Antiquity 85:395–416
Bogaard A, Fraser R, Heaton T, Wallace M, Vaiglova P, Charles MP, Jones G, Evershed R, Styring A, Andersen N, Arbogast R-M, Bartosiewicz L, Gardeisen A, Kanstrup M, Maier U, Marinova E, Ninov L, Schäfer M, Stephan E (2013) Crop manuring and intensive land management by Europe’s first farmers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:12,589–12,594
Bogucki P (1982) Early Neolithic subsistence and settlement in the Polish lowlands. BAR Int Ser 150, Archaeopress, Oxford
Bogucki P, Grygiel R (1993) The first farmers of Central Europe: a survey article. J Field Archaeol 20:399–426
Bonnefoy J-L, Bousquet F, Rouchier J (2001) Modélisation d’une interaction individus, espace, société par les systèmes multi-agents: pâture en forêt virtuelle. L’espace géographique 1:13–25
Boserup E (1976) Environment, population, and technology in primitive societies. Popul Dev Rev 2:21–36
Bouby L, Ruas M-P (2005) Prairies et fourrages : réflexions autour de deux exemples carpologiques de l’Âge du Fer et des Temps Modernes en Languedoc. Anthropozoologica 40:109–145
Bousquet F, Le Page C (2004) Multi-agent simulations and ecosystem management: a review. Ecol Mod 176:313–332
Burmistov L (1995) New crops and wild fruits and nuts in the USSR. In: ACOTANC-95 The sixth conference of the Australasian council on tree and nuts. Crops inc., Lismore
Burrel F, Baudry J (1990) Hedgerows network patterns in France. In: Zonnefeld J, Forman R (eds) Changing landscape, an ecological perspective, Springer, New York, pp 99–120
Catt J (2001) The agricultural importance of loess. Earth-Sci Rev 54:213–229
Chayanov A (1966) The theory of peasant economy. The American Economic Association, New York
Chiappori P-A, Donni O (2006) Les modèles non unitaires de comportement du ménage: un survol de la littérature. L’actualité économique 82:9–52
Childe VG (1929) The Danube in prehistory. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Chorley G (1981) The agricultural revolution in northern Europe, 1750–1880: nitrogen, legumes, and crop productivity. Econ Hist Rev 34:71–93
Clutton-Brock T, Pemberton J (2004) Soay sheep. Dynamics and selection in an island population. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Colledge S, Conolly J (2007) A review and synthesis of the evidence for the origins of farming in Cyprus and Crete. In: Colledge S, Conolly J (eds) The origins and spread of domestic plants in southwest Asia and Europe. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, pp 53–74
Comet G (1992) Le paysan et son outil: essai d’histoire technique des céréales. (Collection de l’École française de Rome 165) Ecole Française de Rome, Rome
Coward F, Shennan S, Colledge S, Conolly J, Collard M (2008) The spread of Neolithic plant economies from the Near East to northwest Europe: a phylogenetic analysis. J Archaeol Sci 35:42–56
Crombé P, Vanmontfort B (2007) The neolithisation of the Scheldt basin in western Belgium. Proc Br Acad 144:261–283
Dahl G, Hjort A (1976) Having herds: pastoral herd growth and household economy. Department of Social AnthropologyUniversity of Stockholm, Stockholm
Delhon, C, Martin L, Argant J, Thiébault S (2008) Shepherds and plants in the Alps: multi-proxy archaeobotanical analysis of neolithic dung from La Grande Rivoire (Isère, France). J Archaeol Sci 35:2,937–2,952
Digard J-P (1981) Techniques des nomades Baxtyâri d’Iran. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Döhle H-J (1993) Haustierhaltung und Jagd in der Linienbandkeramik: ein Überblick. Zschr Archäol 27:105–124
Dubouloz J (2008) Impacts of the Neolithic demographic transition on Linear Pottery Culture settlement. In: Bocquet-Appel J-P, Bar-Yosef O (eds) The Neolithic demographic transition and its consequences. Springer, Berlin, pp 207–235
Dufraisse A (2008) Firewood management and woodland exploitation during the late Neolithic at Lac de Chalain (Jura, France). Veget Hist Archaeobot 17:199–210
Ebersbach R (1999) Modeling Neolithic agriculture and stock-farming at Swiss lake shore settlements—evidence from historical and ethnographical data. Archaeofauna: Int J Archaeozool 8:115–122
Ebersbach R, Schade C (2004) Modeling the intensity of linear pottery land use: an example from the Mörlener Bucht in the Wetterau Basin, Hesse, Germany. In: Ausserer KF, Börner W, Goriany M, Karlhuber-Vöckl L (eds) Enter the past: the E-way into the four dimensions of cultural heritage. CAA 2003. Conference Proceedings. BAR Int Series 1227, Archaeopress, Oxford, pp 337–348
Eichhorn M, Paris P, Herzog F, Incoll L, Liagre F, Mantzanas K, Mayus M, Moreno G, Papanastasis V, Pilbeam J, Pisanelli A, Dupraz C (2006) Silvoarable systems in Europe: past, present and future prospects. Agrofor Sys 67:29–50
Ellenberg H (2009) Vegetation ecology of central Europe (transl Strutt). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Fafchamps M (1993) Sequential labor decisions under uncertainty: an estimable household model of West-African farmers. Econometr 61:1,173–1,197
Fuller D, Willcox G, Allaby R (2011) Cultivation and domestication had multiple origins: arguments against the core area hypothesis for the origins of agriculture in the Near East. World Archaeol 43:628–652
Gastellu J-M, Dubois J-L (1997) En économie : l’unité retrouvée, la théorie revisitée. In: Pilon M, Locoh T, Vignikin E, Vimard P (eds) Ménages et familles en Afrique : approches des dynamiques contemporaines. Les Etudes du CEPED, Paris, pp 75–97
Gavian S, Fafchamps M (1996) Land tenure and allocative efficiency in Niger. Am J Agric Econ 78:460–471
Giampietro M (1997) Socio-economic constraints to farming with biodiversity. Agric Ecosyst Environ 62:145–167
Giampietro M, Bukkens SGF, Pimentel D (1993) Labor productivity: a biophysical definition and assessment. Hum Ecol 21:229–260
Greenfield H (2010) The secondary products revolution: the past, the present and the future. World Archaeol 42:29–54
Gregg SA (1988) Foragers and farmers: population interaction and agricultural expansion in prehistoric Europe. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Gronenborn D (1999) A variation on a basic theme: the transition to farming in southern central Europe. J World Prehist 13:123–210
Haas J-N, Schweingruber FH (1994) Wood anatomical evidence of pollarding in ash stems from the Valais, Switzerland. Dendrochron 11:35–43
Hachem L (1995) La représentation de la chasse dans les espaces villageois rubanés de la vallée de l’Aisne (France). Anthropozoology 21:197–205
Hachem L (2001) La conception du monde animal sauvage chez les éleveurs du Rubané. In: Arbogast R-M, Jeunesse C, Schibler J (eds) Rôle et statut de la chasse dans le Néolithique ancien danubien (5500–4900): Internationale Archäologie 1. Leidorf, Rahden, pp 91–111
Hachem L (2011) Le site néolithique de Cuiry-lès-Chaudardes—1. De l’analyse de la faune à la structuration sociale. Internationale Archäologie 120, Leidorf, Rahden
Heim J, Hauzeur A (2002) Paysage paléobotanique des sites du Rubané et du groupe de Blicquy à Vaux-et-Borset « Gibour » (Hesbaye, Belgique). Culture du blé nu et récoltes de pommes en contexte blicquien. Bull Soc Préhist Française 99:289–305
Herbig C, Maier U (2011) Flax for oil or fibre? Morphometric analysis of flax seeds and new aspects of flax cultivation in Late Neolithic wetland settlements in southwest Germany. Veget Hist Archaeobot 20:527–533
Hijmans R, Cameron S, Parra J, Jones P, Jarvis A (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int J Climatol 25:1,965–1,978
Hillman G (1981) Reconstructing crop husbandry practices from charred remains of crops. In: Mercer RJ (ed) Farming practice in British prehistory. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp 123–162
Huigen M, Overmars K, De Groot W (2006) Multiactor modeling of settling decisions and behavior in the San Mariano watershed, the Philippines: a first application with the MameLuke framework. Ecol Soc 11:12–23
Jacomet S, Karg S (1996) Ackerbau und Umwelt der Seeufersiedlungen von Zug-Sumpf im Rahmen der mitteleuropäischen Spätbronzezeit. In: (Die spätbronzezeitlichen Ufersiedlungen von Zug-Sumpf. 1: Die Dorfgeschichte). Kantonales Museum für Urgeschichte Zug, Zug, pp 198–368
Janssen MA, Ostrom E (2006) Empirically based, agent-based models. Ecol Soc 11:24–37
Jedrzejewska B, Okarma H, Jedrzejewski W, Milkowski L (1994) Effects of exploitation and protection on forest structure, ungulate density and wolf predation in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. J Appl Ecol 31:664–676
Kalis A, Merkt J, Wunderlich J (2003) Environmental changes during the Holocene climatic optimum in central Europe—human impact and natural causes. Quat Sci Rev 22:33–79
Kaplan JO (2012) Integrated modeling of Holocene land cover change in Europe. Quat Int 279–280:235–236
Knörzer K-H (1971) Urgeschichtliche Unkräuter im Rheinland, ein Beitrag zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Segetalgesellschaften. Vegetatio 23:89–111
Kohler T, Van der Leeuw SE (2007) The model-based archaeology of socionatural systems. Oxbow, Oxford
Kovačiková L, Bréhard S, Šumberová R, Balasse M, Tresset A (2012) New insights into the subsistence and early farming from Neolithic settlements in Central Europe: archaeozoological evidence from the Czech Republic. Archaeofauna 21:71–97
Krause R (2003) Zum Abschluss der Grabungen 1994–2002 in der bandkeramischen Siedlung bei Vaihingen an der Enz, Kreis Ludwigsburg. Archäol Ausgr Bad-Württ 2002:34–39
Kreuz A (1990) Die ersten Bauern Mitteleuropas—eine archäobotanische Untersuchung zu Umwelt und Landwirtschaft der Ältesten Bandkeramik. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 23, University Press, Leiden
Kreuz A (1992) Charcoal from ten early Neolithic settlements in Central Europe and its interpretation in terms of woodland management and wildwood resources. Actualités Botaniques: Bulletin de la Société botanique de France 139:383–394
Kreuz A (2007) Archaeobotanical perspectives on the beginning of agriculture north of the Alps. In: Colledge S, Conolly J (eds) The origins and spread of domestic plants in southwest Asia and Europe. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, pp 259–294
Kreuz A (2008) Closed forest or open woodland as natural vegetation in the surroundings of Linearbandkeramik settlements? Veget Hist Archaeobot 17(1):51–64
Kreuz A, Marinova E, Schäfer E, Wiethold J (2005) A comparison of early Neolithic crop and weed assemblages from the Linearbandkeramik and the Bulgarian Neolithic cultures: differences and similarities. Veget Hist Archaeobot 14:237–258
Kruk J (1973) Studia Osadnicze nad Neolitem Wyzyn Lessoych. Ossolineum, Wroclaw
Langohr R (2001) L’anthropisation du paysage pédologique agricole de la Belgique depuis le Néolithique ancien—Apports de l’Archéopédologie. Etude et Gestion des Sols 8:103–117
Lemmen C, Gronenborn D, Wirtz KWA (2011) simulation of the Neolithic transition in Western Eurasia. J Archaeol Sci 38:3,459–3,470
Lindroos O (2011) Residential use of firewood in Northern Sweden and its influence on forest biomass resources. Biomass Bioenergy 3:385–390
Lorz C, Saile T (2011) Anthropogenic pedogenesis of Chernozems in Germany? A critical review. Quat Int 243:273–279
Lundström-Baudais K (1986) Etude paléoethnobotanique de la station III. In: Pétrequin P (ed) Les sites littoraux néolithiques de Clairvaux-les-Lacs (Jura), I, Problématique générale, L’exemple de la station, III edn, Maison des sciences de l’homme, Paris, pp 311–392
Lüning J (1980) Getreideanbau ohne Düngung. Arch Korrbl 10:117–122
Lüning J (2000) Steinzeitliche Bauern in Deutschland: die Landwirtschaft im Neolithikum. Habelt, Bonn
Malézieux E, Crozat Y, Dupraz C, Laurans M, Makowski D, Ozier-Lafontaine H, Rapidel B, De Tourdonnet S, Valantin-Morison M (2009) Mixing plant species in cropping systems: concepts, tools and models, a review. Agron Sust Dev 29:43–62
Marsinko APC, Phillips DR, Cordell HK (1984) Determining residential firewood consumption. Environ Man 8:359–365
Mazoyer M, Roudart L (1997) Histoire des Agricultures du monde, du néolithique à la crise contemporaine. Seuil, Paris
Modderman PJR (1971) Bandkeramiker und Wanderbauern. Arch Korrbl 1:7–9
Mosimann E, Stettler M (2012) Pâture des vaches laitières: Besoins en surface. Inf ADCF 4(2):1
Noirfalise A (1984) Forests and forests stands in Belgium. Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux, Gembloux
Okarma H, Jedrzejewska B, Jedrzejewski W, Krazinski Z, Milkowski L (1995) The roles of predation snow cover, acorn crop, and man-related factors on ungulate mortality in Białowieża primeval forest, Poland. Acta Theriol 40:197–217
Ola L (2011) Residential use of firewood in Northern Sweden and its influence on forest biomass resources. Biomass Bioenergy 35:385–390
Ortu E, Sanchez-Goñi M-F, Milzer G, Giraudeau J (2011) Dynamique du climat en région nord-atlantique et ses effets sur l’Europe centrale lors de l’expansion du Néolithique Rubané (5750–4750 cal BC). 22ème Symposium de l’Association de Palynologues de Langue Francaise (APLF), Paris
Otte M, Chilonda P (2002) Cattle and small ruminant production systems in sub-Saharan Africa. A systematic review. Livestock Information Sector Analysis and Policy, FAO Agriculture Department, Roma
Overgaard-Nielsen B, Mahler V, Rasmussen P (2000) An arthropod assemblage and the ecological conditions in a byre at the Neolithic settlement of Weier, Switzerland. J Archaeol Sci 27:209–218
Pelzer E, Bazot M, Makowski D, Corre-Hellou G, Naudin C, Al Rifaï M, Baranger E, Bedoussac L, Biarnès V, Boucheny P, Carrouée B, Dorvillez D, Foissy D, Gaillard B, Guichard L, Mansard M-C, Omon B, Prieur L, Yvergniaux M, Justes E, Jeuffroy M-H (2012) Pea-wheat intercrops in low-input conditions combine high economic performances and low environmental impacts. Eur J Agron 40:39–53
Perrot C, Landais É (1993) Comment modéliser la diversité des exploitations agricoles? Méthodes d’études en milieu paysan. Les Cahiers de la recherche-développement 33:24–40
Rasmussen P (1989) Leaf foddering of livestock in the Neolithic: Archaeobotanical evidence from Weier, Switzerland. J Dan Archaeol 8:51–71
Rasmussen P (1990) Leaf foddering in the earliest Neolithic Agriculture. Evidence from Switzerland and Denmark. Acta Archaeol 60:71–86
Rasmussen P (1993) Analysis of goat/sheep faeces from Egolzwil 3, Switzerland: evidence for branch and twig foddering of livestock in the Neolithic. J Archaeol Sci 20:479–502
Robbe V, Gavaland A (2006) Histoire et utilisations des arbres isolés : exemple du frêne. Arbres et Sciences 16:72–84
Robinson D, Rasmussen P (1989) Botanical investigations at the Neolithic lake village at Weier, North East Switzerland: Leaf hay and cereals as animal fodder. In: Milles A, Williams D, Gardner N (eds) The beginnings of agriculture. Association for Environmental Archaeology. BAR International series 496, Archaeopress, Oxford, pp 149–163
Rowley-Conwy P (1981) Slash and burn in the temperate European Neolithic. In: Mercer R (ed) Farming practice in British prehistory. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp 85–96
Ryder M (1992) The interaction between biological and technological change during the development of different fleece types in sheep. Anthropozoology 16:131–140
Ryder M (1993) The use of goat hair. An introductory historical review. Anthropozoologica 17:37–46
Salavert A (2010) Le pavot (Papaver somniferum) à la fin du 6ème millénaire av. J.-C. en Europe occidentale. Anthropobotanica 1:3–18
Salavert A (2011) Plant economy of the first farmers of central Belgium (Linearbandkeramik, 5200–5000 b.c.). Veget Hist Archaeobot 20:321–332
Salavert A, Bosquet D, Damblon F (in press) Natural woodland composition and vegetation dynamic during the Linearbandkeramik in north-western Europe (central Belgium, 5200–5000 b.c.) J Archaeol Sci. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.10.017
Salque M, Bogucki P, Pyzel J, Sobkowiak-Tabaka I, Grygiel R, Szmyt M, Evershed R (2012) Earliest evidence for cheese making in the sixth millennium b.c. in northern Europe. Nature 493:522–525
Saqalli M, Bielders C, Defourny P, Gérard B (2010) Simulating rural environmentally and socio-economically constrained multi-activity and multi-decision societies in a low-data context: a challenge through empirical agent-based modelling. J Artif Soc Soc Simul 13:2
Saqalli M, Bielders C, Defourny P, Gérard B (2013) Reconstituting family transitions of Sahelian western Niger 1950–2000: an agent-based modelling approach in a low data context. CyberGeo 634
Schmitzberger M (2009) Haus- und Jagdtiere im Neolithikum des österreichischen Donauraumes. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Universität Wien, Wien
Schwartz D, Ertlen D, Berger J-F, Davtian G, Bocquet-Appel J-P (2011) Développement agricole et fertilité: comment évaluer la paléo-fertilité des sols aux échelles de temps millénaires ? Quelques réflexions à partir d’une étude de cas: l’agriculture rubanée en Europe. In: Carpentier V, Marcigny C (eds) Des hommes aux champs II. Approche archéologique des économies agricoles, Caen
Slotte H (2001) Harvesting of leaf-hay shaped the Swedish landscape. Landsc Ecol 16:691–702
Stopes C, Millington S, Woodward L (1996) Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation by three leguminous green manure species and the yield of a following wheat crop in an organic production system. Agric Ecosyst Environ 57:189–196
Thiébault S (2005) L’apport du fourrage d’arbre dans l’élevage depuis le Néolithique. Anthropozoology 40:95–108
Todd E (2011) L’origine des systèmes familiaux Tome 1: l’Eurasie. Gallimard, Paris
Torquebiau E (2007) L’agroforesterie: des arbres et des champs. L’Harmattan, Paris
Tresset A, Vigne J-D (2011) Last hunter-gatherers and first farmers of Europe. CR Biol 334:182–189
Von Carlowitz P (1989) Agroforestry technologies and fodder production: concepts and examples. Agrofor Syst 9:1–16
Willcox G, Stordeur D (2012) Large-scale cereal processing before domestication during the tenth millennium cal BC in northern Syria. Antiquity 86:99–114
Acknowledgments
This research has been supported by the ANR project OBRESOC (Dir. J.-P. Bocquet-Appel) - A retrospective observatory of an archaeological society: the trajectory of the LBK Neolithic (convention ANR-09-CEP-004-01/OBRESOC). M. Saqalli, A. Salavert, S. Bréhard and R. Bendrey were funded by post-doctoral fellowships from this project. Parts of the scientific investigations on the OBRESOC project were conducted by MS as postdoctoral scientist and member of the International Centre REEDS at the Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by W. Schier.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saqalli, M., Salavert, A., Bréhard, S. et al. Revisiting and modelling the woodland farming system of the early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture (LBK), 5600–4900 b.c. . Veget Hist Archaeobot 23 (Suppl 1), 37–50 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-014-0436-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-014-0436-4