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Patterns of occurrence of the sub-Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray 1872) in Southern Brazil: climatic and environmental associations

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Abstract

This study presents the pattern of occurrence of sub-Antarctic fur seals (SAFS), Arctocephalus tropicalis, in the southern Brazilian coast and evaluate its association with climatic variability and anomalies in the concentration of chlorophytes and sea surface temperature in the reproductive colonies of Gough and Tristan da Cunha Islands. Date, sex, and age class of 254 stranded SAFS recorded between 1992 and 2013 were analyzed. Representative indexes of the patterns of climatic variability and environmental variables were obtained between four and five months before the records, the assumed interval of displacement for species between their closest breeding colonies and the southern Brazilian coast. The species was observed in southern Brazil between May and November each year, and most individuals were adult males. The records of SAFS on the southern Brazilian coast were associated with low concentration of chlorophytes interacting with negative sea surface temperature anomalies, and positive events of South Annular Mode, South Atlantic Ocean Dipole and Indian Ocean Dipole. Climatic variability is influencing the ecology SAFS, because it affects the environmental factors, that act as a driver of dispersion of the species. These variables had been interacting together in the region of the breeding colonies, and possibly during the fur seals’ journey towards the Brazilian coast. Considering the current scenario of global climate change, we expect that SAFS will continue to disperse to areas beyond their regular distribution, not only in the direction of the coasts of southern continents, but also further south, towards higher latitudes.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank all members of the three institutions involved in field work and sampling: Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Aquáticos do Rio Grande do Sul (GEMARS), Núcleo de Educação e Monitoramento Ambiental (NEMA) and Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha (Ecomega-FURG). We also thank Dr. Diego Rodriguez (Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina) for his contributions, and Marlon Ferraz (Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, UNISINOS, Brazil) who designed the maps and graphs. This work had the financial support of the Programa de Suporte à Pós-Graduação de Instituições Comunitárias de Educação Superior da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior – PROSUC/CAPES (Master's scholarship). We also thank to Dra. Mia Wege for the telemetry information on sub-Antarctic fur seals, Dr. Greg Hofmeyr and the other anonymous referee for comments and suggestions that significantly improved this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), Av. Unisinos 950, São Leopoldo, RS, 93022-750, Brazil

    Carlos de Oliveira & Larissa Rosa de Oliveira

  2. Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS, 950091501-970, Brazil

    Murilo Guimarães & Márcio Borges-Martins

  3. Advanced Visualization & Geoinformatics Laboratory (VizLab), Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), Av. Unisinos 950, São Leopoldo, RS, 93022-750, Brazil

    Lucas Schroeder & Marcelo Zagonel-Oliveira

  4. Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Doutor Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, Santos, SP, 11070-100, Brazil

    Gyrlene Aparecida Mendes da Silva

  5. Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Aquáticos do Rio Grande do Sul (GEMARS), Rua Saldanha da Gama, 937, Torres, RS, 95560-000, Brazil

    Márcio Borges-Martins, Daniel Danilewicz & Larissa Rosa de Oliveira

  6. Instituto Caipora, Servidão Olibio Corrêa de Souza, 309, Armação do Pântano Do Sul, Florianópolis, SC, 88066-455, Brazil

    Jonatas Henrique Fernandes Prado

  7. Laboratório de Ecologia E Conservação da Megafauna Marinha (ECOMEGA), Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil

    Jonatas Henrique Fernandes Prado, Silvina Botta & Eduardo Resende Secchi

  8. Laboratório de Climatologia - NOTOS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil

    Venisse Schossler & Francisco Eliseu Aquino

  9. Centro Polar E Climático (CPC/UFRGS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil

    Venisse Schossler & Francisco Eliseu Aquino

  10. Núcleo de Educação E Monitoramento Ambiental, Rua Maria Araújo 450, Praia do Cassino, Rio Grande, RS, 96207-480, Brazil

    Sergio Curi Estima

  11. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa

    Marthán N. Bester

  12. Departmento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Avenida Universitária - lado ímpar, Ininga, Piauí, 64049550, Teresina, Brazil

    Murilo Guimarães

  13. Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16, BA, 45662-900, Ilhéus, Brazil

    Daniel Danilewicz

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  1. Carlos de Oliveira
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  2. Murilo Guimarães
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  3. Lucas Schroeder
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Contributions

L.R.O. developed the conceptualization of the study. L.R.O., C.O., M.G., F.E.A., M.Z.O. and M.N.B. designed the experiments. L.R.O., M.B.M., D.D., S.E., J.H.F.P., S.B., E.R.S and S.E. carried out monitoring of the coast. L.R.O, C.O., M.G., L.S., M.Z.O., G.A.M.S., V.S., F.E.A. performed the formal analysis and collection of environmental and climate data. L.R., C.O., S.B., E.R.S. were responsible for acquiring funds and administering the project. L.R.O, C.O., M.B., M.G., L.C., M.Z.O., G.A.M.S., M.B.M, J.H.F.P., V.S., S.B., E.R.S., F.E.A, and M.N.B. wrote the original draft. All authors revised the manuscript and L.R.O, C.O., M.B., M.B.M, J.H.F.P. and E.R.S. edited the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Larissa Rosa de Oliveira.

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All authors declare they had no conflict of interest whatsoever.

Ethical approval

All records used for this research derived from animals stranded and naturally dead. No animal was intentionally caught or killed during the summarized research. All procedures conducted in the study were in accordance with the licenses for capture, collection, transport and exhibition of fauna and zoological material issued by the Ministry of the Environment, Government of Brazil, Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources—IBAMA and System Brazilian Authorization and Information on Biodiversity—SISBIO, nº 015–04, nº 12022–1 and nº 16586–2. These licenses certify that the authors did not violate any ethical rules when collecting animal samples.

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Oliveira, C., Guimarães, M., Schroeder, L. et al. Patterns of occurrence of the sub-Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray 1872) in Southern Brazil: climatic and environmental associations. Polar Biol 47, 53–71 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-023-03206-9

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