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Massive perivillöse Fibrinabscheidungen, chronisch-histiozytäre Intervillositis, Villitis unbekannter Ätiologie

Plazentaläsionen bei Störungen der fetomaternalen Einheit mit Rezidivrisiko

Massive perivillous fibrin deposition, chronic histiocytic intervillositis and villitis of unknown etiology

Lesions of the placenta at the fetomaternal interface with risk of recurrence

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

„Maternal floor infarction“/massive perivillöse Fibrinabscheidungen (engl. „maternal fibrin deposition“, MFI/MFD), die chronisch-histiozytäre Intervillositis (CHIV) und die Villitis unbekannter Ätiologie (engl. „villitis of unknown etiology“, VUE) sind pathologisch-anatomisch charakterisierte Läsionen der Plazenta. Als deren Ursache wird eine pathologische Immuntoleranz/Abstoßungsreaktion im fetomaternalen Interfacebereich diskutiert. Das Wiederholungsrisiko in der Folgeschwangerschaft ist erhöht und es können schwere kindliche Erkrankungen folgen.

Ziel der Arbeit

Pathologisch-anatomische Darstellung der einzelnen Läsionen mit Diagnosekriterien, kurze Beleuchtung von Ätiologie und klinischer Bedeutung mit Therapieansätzen.

Material und Methoden

Selektive Literaturrecherche und Erfahrungen am eigenen Untersuchungsklientel.

Ergebnisse/Diskussion

Während MFI/MFD und CHIV seltener auftreten, ist die Villitis unbekannter Ätiologie relativ häufig (bis zu 15 % der Plazenten am Termin). MFI/MFD und CHIV können auch im 1. und 2. Trimenon auftreten, während die Villitis unbekannter Ätiologie typischerweise im 3. Trimenon vorkommt. Alle 3 Läsionen können zu einer intrauterinen Wachstumsverzögerung oder Abort führen und weisen ein z. T. hohes Rekurrenzrisiko auf. Die Villitis unbekannter Ätiologie und MFI/MFD können außerdem mit neurologischen Auffälligkeiten der Kinder assoziiert sein. Für die genannten Entitäten sind Therapieansätze beschrieben, die im Wesentlichen auf Gerinnungshemmung und Immunsuppression bei nachfolgenden Schwangerschaften basieren.

Abstract

Background

Maternal floor infarction/massive perivillous fibrin deposition (MFI/MFD), chronic histiocytic intervillositis (CHIV) and villitis of unknown etiology (VUE) are lesions of the placenta which are characterized morphologically. The cause is thought to be pathological immunotolerance/rejection reaction at the fetomaternal interface. The risk of recurrence is elevated and the lesions can lead to severe pediatric diseases.

Aim

This article provides an overview of the pathological and anatomical characteristics of each of these lesions, including diagnostic criteria, suspected etiology, clinical relevance and suggested therapy options.

Material and methods

A selective search of the literature was carried out and experiences from own diagnostic clientele are presented.

Results and discussion

While MFI/MFD and CHIV occur more rarely, VUE is relatively common occurring in up to 15 % of placentas at term. Both MFI/MFD and CHIV can occur in the first and second trimester, while VUE typically manifests in the third trimester. All lesions can lead to intrauterine growth retardation or abortion and have a tendency towards disease recurrence. Furthermore, VUE and MFI/MFD can be associated with an adverse neurodevelopmental outcome in the children. For all these entities potential therapy strategies have been reported, which are mainly based on anticoagulation and immunosuppression in subsequent pregnancies.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. H. Feist, T. Blöcker und K. Hussein geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Feist, H., Blöcker, T. & Hussein, K. Massive perivillöse Fibrinabscheidungen, chronisch-histiozytäre Intervillositis, Villitis unbekannter Ätiologie. Pathologe 36, 355–361 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-014-2051-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-014-2051-7

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