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Cyanate ester blends and composites to improve dielectric, mechanical, and thermal performance for functional applications

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Abstract

Technological advancements are exacting futuristic materials that exhibit comprehensive properties for diversiform applications. Cyanate Esters (CE) are promising materials that can suffice the current and future demands for myriad applications. This is possible because they exhibit multitudinal properties such as nominal density \(\left( {1.17\frac{{\text{g}}}{{{\text{m}}^{3} }}} \right)\), high dimensional stability, low moisture absorption (0.5–2.5 wt%), high-temperature operating conditions (> 300 °C), low loss factor (tan δ = \({10}^{-3}\) to 6*\({10}^{-3}\)), low dielectric constant \(\left( {k = 2.6 - 3.1\;\frac{{\text{F}}}{{\text{m}}}} \right)\), EMI shielding, low defect density, strong wave permeability, thermo-mechanical and, chemical stability, excellent UV aging resistance, radiation resistance, excellent adhesion to conducting metals up to 250 °C, resistance to microcracks, glass transition temperature (240–290 °C), and good processability. CE’s multifunctional properties paved the way for the exploitation as the matrix material in composites, an ideal thermoset for blending with various thermosets and thermoplastics resulting in phenomenal properties. CE is considered a desirable thermoset matrix for industrial applications due to its ability to meet the desired qualities, such as low cost, compatibility with conventional techniques, excellent shelf life, low curing temperature, high-temperature resistance, and low flammability. Moreover, CE-based composites and blends can be conveniently fabricated using existing techniques commonly employed for epoxy-based materials like resin transfer molding and filament winding, eliminating the need for developing new processing techniques. This review focuses on CE-based wave transparent composites, functionalization of fibers for better interfacial compatibility, shape memory polymers (SMP), EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE), and dielectric properties enhancement for various applications.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. CP Ramanarayanan, Vice Chancellor, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Pune for the support. The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Prakash Gore, Ms. Niranjana Jayaprakash, and Mr. Anirudh for their relentless technical support during the spadework of the manuscript. The authors are thankful to the editor and anonymous reviewers for improving the quality of the revised manuscript by their valuable suggestions, and comments.

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  1. Department of Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, 411025, India

    A. Moulishwar Reddy & Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian

  2. Polymers and Composites Research Directorate, Naval Materials and Research Laboratory, DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Pune, 421506, India

    Sangram K Rath

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AMR contributed to Material preparation, data collection analysis, and article writing; BK contributed substantially to conceptualization and discussion and reviewed the manuscript before submission; SKR contributed to the writing—review, and editing of the article before submission.

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Moulishwar Reddy, A., Kandasubramanian, B. & Rath, S. Cyanate ester blends and composites to improve dielectric, mechanical, and thermal performance for functional applications. Polym. Bull. 81, 3781–3836 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-023-04885-4

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