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The Reasons Behind Long-Term Endemicity of Brucellosis in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Challenges and Future Perspectives

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Abstract

Brucellosis is a neglected worldwide zoonotic disease with more than 500,000 new human cases each year. Direct contact with infected animals and consumption of undercooked animal origin foods are the main routes of brucellosis transmission to humans. Although long endeavor has been applied to control and eliminate brucellosis from animal and human populations in developing countries especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the disease is still endemic in these regions. Many common or unique factors including raw milk consumption, unhygienic slaughter of livestock, extensive husbandry, budgetary limitations, misdiagnosis, and other conditions play a role in long-term endemicity of brucellosis in these locations. It has been shown that One Health is the only practical approach to control brucellosis; however, applying such methods is challenging in low-resource areas. In such conditions, brucellosis is continuously maintained in animals and repeatedly spread to human populations. In this article, factors playing a critical role in brucellosis endemicity, and the real conditions challenging the application of One Health approach in control of brucellosis are highlighted.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Chuck Dodd for his vital input during manuscript preparation. We also wish to thank Dr. Maryam Dadar, Associate Editor of Current Microbiology Journal and the reviewers of the manuscripts for their valuable and constructive comments during manuscript review process.

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  1. Mirwais Amiri

    Present address: Headquarters, GHD|EMPHNET, Amman, Jordan

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Paraclinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

    Assadullah Samadi

  2. Veterinary Pathology, Pathology and Public Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology [JUST], Irbid, Jordan

    Nabil Hailat

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Conceptualization, literature search, initial draft writing: (Assadullah Samadi); critically revised the writing and proof read the manuscript: (Assadullah Samadi, Mirwais Amiri and Nabil Hailat). All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Samadi, A., Amiri, M. & Hailat, N. The Reasons Behind Long-Term Endemicity of Brucellosis in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Challenges and Future Perspectives. Curr Microbiol 81, 82 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03605-5

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