Zusammenfassung
Frühe Gewalterfahrungen können schwerwiegende und lang anhaltende Auswirkungen auf die direkt Betroffenen, aber auch auf die nächste Generation haben. Anhand vorliegender Daten unserer Untersuchungen von Heidelberger und Berliner Mutter-Kind-Dyaden konnten wir zeigen, dass frühe Gewalterfahrungen zu Veränderungen auf behavioraler, hormoneller und neuronaler Ebene, einschließlich Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und Bindungsstil der betroffenen Frauen, führen, mit negativen Folgen für die Beziehung zu ihrem Kind. Die Kinder dieser Mütter mit frühen Gewalterfahrungen haben ein erhöhtes Risiko, misshandelt zu werden, in ihrer Entwicklung verzögert zu sein sowie eine psychische Störung zu entwickeln. Zudem weisen sie eine erhöhte Cortisolkonzentration und eine geringere Inhibitionskontrolle auf. Dabei spielt es eine Rolle, ob die Mutter frühe Gewalterfahrungen erlebt hat, selbst aber resilient ist, d. h. (bis zum Untersuchungszeitpunkt) keine psychische Störung entwickelt hat, oder ob sie zusätzlich zu den erlebten frühen Gewalterfahrungen auch eine psychische Störung entwickelt hat. Die Kinder von Müttern mit frühen Gewalterfahrungen und einer psychischen Störung scheinen in der Elternschaft besonders großem Stress ausgesetzt zu sein und weisen die schwersten Beeinträchtigungen und Risiken auf. Basierend auf den vorliegenden Ergebnissen werden Implikationen für die Praxis diskutiert und eine mögliche Intervention in Form eines Elterntrainings zur Stärkung der Mentalisierungsfähigkeit dargestellt.
Abstract
Early life maltreatment can have severe and long-lasting consequences for the directly affected individual as well as for the next generation. Data from our research including mother-child dyads from Heidelberg and Berlin showed that early life maltreatment is associated with behavioral, hormonal and neural changes including personality traits and attachment style of the affected mothers that negatively affect their relationship with their child. The children of these mothers with previous experience of violence have an elevated risk to be maltreated, to show delayed development and to develop mental disorders. They also show a heightened cortisol concentration and reduced control of inhibition. It seems to be of importance whether the mother has experienced early life maltreatment but is resilient, i.e., she has not developed a mental disorder (up to the time of examination), or whether in addition to the early life maltreatment she has developed a mental disorder later in life. Children of mothers with early life experience of maltreatment and a mental disorder seem to be especially exposed to stress in parenthood and show the greatest impairments and risks. Based on the existing data from research, the practical and clinical implications are discussed and one possible intervention in terms of training of mentalization competency for parents is presented.
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E.L. Mielke, C. Neukel, K. Spieß, K. Bertsch, F. Bermpohl, D. Kluczniok, E. Möhler, C. Reck, F. Resch, M. Kaess, R. Brunner und S.C. Herpertz geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autor/-innen keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.
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Dieser Beitrag stellt eine aktualisierte und erweiterte Version des 2019 in Der Nervenarzt 90:235–242, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-018-0662-6, veröffentlichten Artikels über Untersuchungen von Heidelberger und Berliner Mutter-Kind-Dyaden dar.
Dieser und auch der Originalbeitrag sind zwar Review-Beiträge, die dargestellten Studien im Review wurden aber teilweise von den Autoren selbst durchgeführt und veröffentlicht.
E.L. Mielke und C. Neukel teilen sich die Erstautorenschaft.
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Mielke, E.L., Neukel, C., Spieß, K. et al. Einfluss früher Gewalterfahrungen von Frauen auf die Mutter-Kind-Beziehung. Psychotherapie 68, 333–339 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-023-00669-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-023-00669-3