Abstract
Many bird species vary their alarm calls according to the level of risk they face and this information can be used by receivers to respond to the mobbing event. Recent studies have also found that the number of callers can play an important role in the decision of subsequent individuals to join a mobbing event. We conducted a playback experiment to assess if differences in calling rate and number of callers elicit different behavioural responses in the house wren (Troglodytes aedon chilensis). We broadcast the alarm call of either one or two individuals, at different calling rates along the breeding season. We found that house wrens responded more frequently during playback of alarm calls at higher rates than during playback of calls at lower rates. However, focal individuals moved closer to the speaker when calls were played back at lower rates. There were no differences in the response of house wrens when we broadcast the calls of one or two individuals. These results suggest that call rates are an important element in the communication of danger in the house wren, rather than caller number.
Significance statement
Mobbing is an anti-predator strategy observed in many species, and often involves the use of calls that can communicate to conspecifics and heterospecifics about the threat of the predator. Understanding the factors and cues that receivers use to respond is an important element in understanding communication between individuals. We studied the role of call rate and number of callers in the behavioural response to mobbing calls of individuals in the house wren during the breeding season. Using a playback experiment, we show that individuals respond more often to calls played at a high rate, regardless of the number of callers. House wrens' call rates vary according to the level of perceived risk, so our results show that receivers use this information to respond to mobbing calls.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Mrs M. Ester Neumeyer and Mr Ramón Rementería for allowing us to carry out this study on their property. We thank Mandy Ridley and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments that helped to improve the paper.
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All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication. GJF: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, visualization, project administration, supervision, writing-review and editing; MD: conceptualization, visualization, project administration, methodology, writing-review and editing; MEC: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology.
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This study did not involve the capture or handling of birds and complied in accordance with current local and national laws and regulations in Argentina. Although our playback experiments changed the immediate behaviour of the targeted birds, we do not feel that these experiments were stressful. Indeed, all tested birds returned to normal activity relatively quickly after the playbacks. In addition, we have no evidence that our experiment affected the long-term behaviour of individuals or their reproductive success. This study and the protocols we used were approved by the Dirección Provincial de Áreas Naturales Protegidas y Recursos Faunísticos from the Neuquén province, Argentina (Disp 025/22).
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Fernández, G.J., Dutour, M. & Carro, M.E. Information transfer during mobbing: call rate is more important than the number of callers in a southern temperate passerine. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 77, 78 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-023-03357-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-023-03357-z