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Impacts of 10 Years of Elevated CO2 and Warming on Soil Fungal Diversity and Network Complexity in a Chinese Paddy Field

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Abstract

Climatic change conditions (elevated CO2 and warming) have been known to threaten agricultural sustainability and grain yield. Soil fungi play an important role in maintaining agroecosystem functions. However, little is known about the responses of fungal community in paddy field to elevated CO2 and warming. Herein, using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene amplicon sequencing and co-occurrence network methods, the responses of soil fungal community to factorial combinations of elevated CO2 (550 ppm), and canopy warming (+2 °C) were explored in an open-air field experiment for 10 years. Elevated CO2 significantly increased the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness and Shannon diversity of fungal communities in both rice rhizosphere and bulk soils, whereas the relative abundances of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were significantly decreased and increased under elevated CO2, respectively. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that elevated CO2, warming, and their combination increased the network complexity and negative correlation of the fungal community in rhizosphere and bulk soils, suggesting that these factors enhanced the competition of microbial species. Warming resulted in a more complex network structure by altering topological roles and increasing the numbers of key fungal nodes. Principal coordinate analysis indicated that rice growth stages rather than elevated CO2 and warming altered soil fungal communities. Specifically, the changes in diversity and network complexity were greater at the heading and ripening stages than at the tillering stage. Furthermore, elevated CO2 and warming significantly increased the relative abundances of pathotrophic fungi and reduced those of symbiotrophic fungi in both rhizosphere and bulk soils. Overall, the results indicate that long-term CO2 exposure and warming enhance the complexity and stability of soil fungal community, potentially threatening crop health and soil functions through adverse effects on fungal community functions.

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Abbreviations

PCoA:

Principal coordinates analysis

OTU:

Operational taxonomic units

ITS:

Internal transcribed spacer

MENs:

Molecular ecological networks

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Funding

This work was financially supported by the University Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Province (KJ2021A0531), the University Excellent Young Talent Project of Anhui Province (gxgwfx2019066), and the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province, China (2008085QC102).

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  1. Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

    Ke Gao, Weijie Li, Enze Gan, Jiahui Li & Yuan Liu

  2. State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Science, Urumqi, 830011, People’s Republic of China

    Li Jiang

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  1. Ke Gao
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Gao, K., Li, W., Gan, E. et al. Impacts of 10 Years of Elevated CO2 and Warming on Soil Fungal Diversity and Network Complexity in a Chinese Paddy Field. Microb Ecol 86, 2386–2399 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-023-02248-0

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