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Temporal and Spatial Variations of Potentially Toxic Elements in PM10 Collected in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia

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Abstract

Air pollution causes environmental and health problems around the world. In this study, ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 10 microns (PM10) has been collected at three different locations in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. The locations are characterized by differences in terms of traffic, residential intensity, industrial, and non-road mobile machinery activities. The monthly and annual mass concentration of the PM10 exceeds the recommended annual limit of the World Health Organization (15 µg/m3) and the European air quality standard (40 µg/m3) at the three locations. The collected PM10 samples as well as a certified reference material of atmospheric particulates (NIST 1678a) were digested in aqua regia using microwave digestion. The quantitative elemental analysis was carried out using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The variations of the elemental concentration in terms of workdays, weekends, seasons, and annual were determined at the three locations. The spatial and temporal elemental variations were found to be different between the three sites, pointing to local influences that should be further evaluated. The concentration of Cd was found to be high and may cause health problems.

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Availability of Data and Materials

The datasets of the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work is supported by Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R468), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Spectroscopy Department, Physics Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt

    Abdallah A. Shaltout

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammad W. Kadi

  3. Physics and Astronomy Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Omar H. Abd-Elkader

  4. Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Johan Boman

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  1. Abdallah A. Shaltout
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  2. Mohammad W. Kadi
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  3. Omar H. Abd-Elkader
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Contributions

AAS involved in conceptualization, visualization, data curation, software, and writing—original draft. MWK involved in conceptualization, visualization, resources, supervision, review, and editing. OHAE involved in validation, review, and editing. JB involved in software, formal analysis, data curation, and writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Abdallah A. Shaltout.

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Shaltout, A.A., Kadi, M.W., Abd-Elkader, O.H. et al. Temporal and Spatial Variations of Potentially Toxic Elements in PM10 Collected in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 85, 451–465 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-023-01026-w

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