Abstract
Economic activities are constantly increasing in the southern key economic region (SKER), especially in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), which leads to the influx of large amounts of wastewater from this region into Ganh Rai Bay (GRB). The problem of assessing the marine environmental carrying capacity (MECC) of coastal areas is urgent, and the role of self-cleaning must be elucidated. Four typical pollution parameters were selected: ammonium (NH4+), biological oxygen demand (BOD), phosphate (PO43−), and coliforms. The study aims to propose a framework to assess the impact of the role of self-cleaning on MECC and to apply the proposed framework to GRB as a case study. A series of models were used to simulate hydrodynamics, and an advection–diffusion model with an ecological parameter set was used for water quality modelling. The land–ocean interactions in the coastal zone model were used to calculate the GRB and East Sea retention time. Finally, a multiple linear regression model was used to clarify the relationship between the MECC and self-cleaning factors. Calculation results show that the self-cleaning factor increased the MECCAmmonium by 60.30% in the dry season and 22.75% in the wet season; similar to MECCBOD, MECCPhosphate increased by 5.26%, 0.21% (dry season), and 11.04%, 0.72% (wet season), respectively. MECCCColiforms in the dry season increased by 14.83%; in the wet season, MECCColiforms doubled. The results provide medium-and long-term solutions to improve the water quality of the GRB, especially the selection of activities that conserve the ecological system and improve the self-cleaning capacity of the bay.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data and Materials Availability
We declare that all data relating to this manuscript are truthful and we will gladly share it with any interested readers or at the request of the editor board.
References
Borja Á, Elliott M, Carstensen J, Heiskanen AS, van de Bund W (2010) Marine management—Towards an integrated implementation of the European marine strategy framework and the water framework directives. Mar Pollut Bull 60(12):2175–2186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.026
Broman GI, Robèrt KH (2017) A framework for strategic sustainable development. J Clean Prod 140:17–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.121
Bui LT, Pham HTH (2022) Coastal erosion trend analysis using a combination of remote sensing and hydrodynamic models: Case study of Ca Mau Cape, Mekong Delta. Remote Sens Appl: Soc Environ 26:100734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2022.100734
Bui LT, Tran DLT (2022) Assessing marine environmental carrying capacity in semi-enclosed coastal areas—Models and related databases. Sci Total Environ 838:156043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156043
DHI (2016) High-quality and reliable metocean data. DHI of Metocean Data Portal. https://www.metocean-on-demand.com/
DHI (2017a) Water quality - MIKE ECO Lab WQ Templates - Scientific Description
DHI (2017b) MIKE 21 - Spectral Wave Module - Scientific Document
DHI (2018) MIKE 21 & MIKE 3 flow model FM, Hydrodynamic and Transport Module , Scientific Documentation
HCMC DNRE (2015) Report on Development of a Biodiversity Action Plan of Ho Chi Minh City in the period of 2015 and orientation to 2020
Doan QT, Nguyen TML, Quach TTT, Tran AP, Nguyen CD (2019) Assessment of water quality in coastal estuaries under the impact of an industrial zone in Hai Phong Vietnam. Phys Chem Earth 113:100–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2019.04.003
Dong L, Liu J, Du X, Dai C, Liu R (2018) Simulation-based risk analysis of water pollution accidents combining multi-stressors and multi-receptors in a coastal watershed. Ecol Ind 92(June):161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.06.018
Elliott M (2013) The 10-tenets for integrated, successful and sustainable marine management. Mar Pollut Bull 74(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.08.001
Elliott M (2014) Integrated marine science and management: wading through the morass. Mar Pollut Bull 86(1–2):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.026
GEBCO (2016) The General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO)
GESAMP (1986) Environmental capacity. an approach to marine pollution prevention. Rep Stud GESAMP 30(80):49
Gordon DC Jr, Boudreau PR, Mann KH, J-E Ong, WL Silvert, SV Smith, G, Wattayakorn FWATY (1996) Loicz biogeochemical. Modelling Guidelines. In: Change. 5
Goverment V (2018) Resolution of Vietnamese goverment on the strategy for sustainable development of Vietnam’s sea-based economy by 2030, vision to 2045 (No. 36-NQ/TW; pp. 1–13). Central Committee - The Communist Party of Vietnam
Graymore MLM, Sipe NG, Rickson RE (2010) Sustaining human carrying capacity: a tool for regional sustainability assessment. Ecol Econ 69(3):459–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.08.016
Groeneveld RA, Bosello F, Butenschön M, Elliott M, Peck MA, Pinnegar JK (2018) Defining scenarios of future vectors of change in marine life and associated economic sectors. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 201:164–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2015.10.020
HCMC HEPA (2015) Monitoring of Coastal Marine Biodiversity in Can Gio District, Ho Chi Minh City. Ho Chi Minh City
Herrig IM, Böer SI, Brennholt N, Manz W (2015) Development of multiple linear regression models as predictive tools for fecal indicator concentrations in a stretch of the lower Lahn River, Germany. Water Res 85:148–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.006
IERS (2016) Comprehensive Environmental Data Archive. http://www.vitalmetricsgroup.com/data-ceda
Jarvie HP, Neal C, Tappin AD (1997) European land-based pollutant loads to the North Sea: an analysis of the Paris commission data and review of monitoring strategies. Sci Total Environ 194–195:39–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(96)05352-1
Jickells TD (1998) Nutrient biogeochemistry of the coastal zone. Science 281(July):217–222
Kang P, Xu L (2012) Water environmental carrying capacity assessment of an industrial park. Procedia Environ Sci 13(2011):879–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.082
Kiwango H, Njau KN, Wolanski E (2018) The application of nutrient budget models to determine the ecosystem health of the Wami Estuary. Tanzan Ecohydrol Hydrobiol 18(2):107–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2017.10.002
Lee DI, Choi JM, Lee YG, Lee MO, Lee WC, Kim JK (2008) Coastal environmental assessment and management by ecological simulation in Yeoja Bay, Korea. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 80(4):495–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.08.022
Li K, Shi X, Bao X, Ma Q, Wang X (2014) Modeling total maximum allocated loads for heavy metals in Jinzhou Bay. Ch Mar Pollut Bull 85(2):659–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.014
Li K, Zhang L, Li Y, Zhang L, Wang X (2015) A three-dimensional water quality model to evaluate the environmental capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus in Jiaozhou Bay. Ch Mar Pollut Bull 91(1):306–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.11.020
Liao E, Jiang Y, Yan XH, Chen Z, Wang J, Zhang L (2013) Allocation of marine environmental carrying capacity in the Xiamen Bay. Mar Pollut Bull 75(1–2):21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.08.023
Long BT, Ly DTL, Dương TTT (2014) Application of CLIM model in assessing enviromental carrying capacity of Cai river, Nha Trang. J Hydrometeorol 647(11):52–56 (Vietnamese, Abstract: English)
Long BT, Khanh HTP, Thuy VTA (2019) Environmental capacity assessment for Amoni and TSS in Dung Quat bay, Viet Nam. IOP Conf Ser: Earth and Environ Sci (EES) 344:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/344/1/012047
Luu VD (2016) Environmental capacity of typical water bodies along Vietnam’s coast. Publishing house for natural sciences and technology, Vietnam, p 356 (Vietnamese, Abstract: English)
Minh-Thu P, Van Chung T, Long BH, An NT, Thao PTP, Duan HD (2020) Estimation of residence time in coastal waters of Vietnam: a comparison of radioactivity, hydrodynamics, and loicz approach. J Mar Sci Technol (Taiwan) 28(2):131–139. https://doi.org/10.6119/JMST.202004_28(2).0006
MONRE (2021) Establishment of Can Gio Marine Protected Area. Portal of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE)
Moriasi DN, Arnold JG, Van Liew MW, Bingner RL, Harmel RD, Veith TL (2007) Mole evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Am Soc Agri Biol Eng 50(3):885–900
Nam LH (2022) Report on scientific and technological results of research project on Building a system of forecasting and warning water quality in Thi Vai river basin for environmental management of river basin. Southern Environmental Monitoring Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam. (Vietnamese)
NCAR (2016) The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model
Ninh PV (2009) Hydrometeorology and marine dynamics. In: East sea. Natural science and technology publishing house. p 644. (Vietnamese)
Open-Meteo (2022) Historical Weather API—Can Gio District, Ho Chi Minh City. Web Portal of Open-Meteo
Powers JG, Klemp JB, Skamarock WC, Davis CA, Dudhia J, Gill DO, Coen JL, Gochis DJ, Ahmadov R, Peckham SE, Grell GA, Michalakes J, Trahan S, Benjamin SG, Alexander CR, Dimego GJ, Wang W, Schwartz CS, Romine GS, Duda MG (2017) The weather research and forecasting model: overview, system efforts, and future directions. Bull Am Meteor Soc 98(8):1717–1737. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00308.1
Pradhan P, Costa L, Rybski D, Lucht W, Kropp JP (2017) A systematic study of sustainable development goal (SDG) interactions. Earth’s Future 5(11):1169–1179. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000632
Pravdlc V (1995) The scientific basis of marine pollution prevention strategies. Chem Ecol 10(1–2):25–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757549508035327
SIWRP (2016) Water quality monitoring data for Ganh Rai bay. (in Vietnamese)
SIWRP (2019) Water quality monitoring data for Ganh Rai bay. (in Vietnamese)
Skamarock WC, Klemp JB, Dudhi J, Gill DO, Barker DM, Duda MG, Huang X-Y, Wang W, Powers JG (2008) A Description of the Advanced research WRF version 3. Tech Rep. https://doi.org/10.5065/D6DZ069T
Smith SV, Swaney DP, Talaue-mcmanus L (2010) Carbon–Nitrogen–Phosphorus Fluxes in the Coastal Zone : The LOICZ Approach to Global Assessment. In: Carbon and Nutrient Fluxes in Continental Margins. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 575–586. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92735
Statham PJ (2012) Nutrients in estuaries - An overview and the potential impacts of climate change. Sci Total Environ 434:213–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.088
Strong JA, Andonegi E, Bizsel KC, Danovaro R, Elliott M, Franco A, Garces E, Little S, Mazik K, Moncheva S, Papadopoulou N, Patrício J, Queirós AM, Smith C, Stefanova K, Solaun O (2015) Marine biodiversity and ecosystem function relationships: the potential for practical monitoring applications. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 161:46–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2015.04.008
Syvitski JPM, Kettner AJ, Green P (2005) Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean. Science 308(2005):376–380. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109454
Tai APK, Mickley LJ, Jacob DJ (2010) Correlations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and meteorological variables in the United States: implications for the sensitivity of PM2.5 to climate change. Atmos Environ 44(32):3976–3984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.060
Tai APK, Mickley LJ, Jacob DJ, Leibensperger EM, Zhang L, Fisher JA, Pye HOT (2012) Meteorological modes of variability for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality in the United States: implications for PM2.5 sensitivity to climate change. Atmos Chem Phys 12(6):3131–3145. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3131-2012
Thanh LV, Khanh LV, Quy HVN, Hoang TV, Khanh HD (2017) Studies on hydro-biology in estuaries and shallow seawater areas from Vung Tau to Tra Vinh for aquaculture development. Collect Sci Technol Result 2016(19):49–57
Thao NTP, Huan NH, Thu PM (2017) Assessment of water exchange and nutrient balance of Vung Ro bay. J Fish Sci Technol 2:87–95
Thu PM, Huan NH, Long BH (2013) Assessment of environmental capacity of Thuy Trieu - Cam Ranh waters. Vietnam J Mar Sci Technol 13(4):371–381. https://doi.org/10.15625/jmst.v13i4.3546. (Vietnamese, Abstract: English)
Thu PM, Hieu NTD, Thao PTP (2016) Variation of water quality in Nha Trang Bay. J Mar Sci Technol 16(2):144–150. https://doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/16/2/7235. (Vietnamese, Abstract: English)
Trinh L (1997) Monitoring and controlling water pollution. Science and Technology Publishing House, Vietnam (Vietnamese, Abstract: English)
Tuncer G, Karakas T, Balkas TI, Gökçay CF, Aygnn S, Yurteri C, Tuncel G (1998) Land-based sources of pollution along the Black Sea coast of Turkey: concentrations and annual loads to the Black Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 36(6):409–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(97)00205-1
USGS (2021) Daily Potential Evapotranspiration (PET). USGS FEWS NET Data Portal
VMS (2016) Monitoring data for water level at estuaries in southern Vietnam coastal zones: www.vms-south.vn, https://earlywarning.usgs.gov/fews/product/81
Wells PG, Duce RA, Huber ME (2002) Caring for the sea - accomplishments, activities and future of the United Nations GESAMP (the joint group of experts on the scientific aspects of marine environmental protection). Ocean Coast Manag 45(1):77–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-5691(02)00047-9
Williams C (1996) Combatting marine pollution from land-based activities: Australian initiatives. Ocean Coast Manag 33(1–3):87–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-5691(96)00046-4
Wolanski E, Elliott M (2016) Ecohydrology solutions. In: Wolanski E, Elliott M (eds) Estuarine ecohydrology. Elsevier, New York. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63398-9.00007-6
Xu H, Wolanski E, Chen Z (2013) Suspended particulate matter affects the nutrient budget of turbid estuaries: Modification of the loicz model and application to the yangtze estuary. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 127:59–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.04.020
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the support of time and facilities from Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU- HCM for this study.
Funding
We acknowledge the support of time and facilities from Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU- HCM for this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Long Ta Bui contributed to conceptualisation, funding acquisition, investigation, project administration, resources, supervision, methodology, models, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. Diem Luong Thi Tran performed data analysis, formal analysis, validation, and GIS.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethical Approval
The authors declare: The manuscript is not submitted to more than one journal for simultaneous consideration. The manuscript is original and not have been published elsewhere in any form or language (partially or in full), unless the new work concerns an expansion of previous work. The manuscript is not split up into several parts to increase the quantity of submissions and submitted to various journals or to one journal over time (i.e. ‘salami-slicing/publishing’). Results are presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification or inappropriate data manipulation. We adhere to discipline-specific rules for acquiring, selecting and processing data. We have provided all data and proper mentions of other works.
Consent to Participate
I consent to participate publish my manuscript entitled “Evaluation of the role of self-cleaning capacity on marine environmental carrying capacity: a case of Ganh Rai bay, Vietnam “ to the Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (AECT).
Consent to Publication
I consent to publish my manuscript entitled “Evaluation of the role of self-cleaning capacity on marine environmental carrying capacity: a case of Ganh Rai bay, Vietnam “to the Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (AECT).
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Bui, L.T., Tran, D.L.T. Evaluation of the Role of Self-cleaning Capacity on Marine Environmental Carrying Capacity: A Case of Ganh Rai Bay, Vietnam. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 85, 212–228 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-023-00989-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-023-00989-0