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Tracking the Diversity and Chromosomal Distribution of the Olfactory Receptor Gene Repertoires of Three Anurans Species

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Abstract

Olfaction is a crucial capability for most vertebrates and is realized through olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity. The enormous diversity of olfactory receptors has been created by gene duplication, following a birth-and-death model of evolution. The olfactory receptor genes of the amphibians have received relatively little attention up to now, although recent studies have increased the number of species for which data are available. This study analyzed the diversity and chromosomal distribution of the OR genes of three anuran species (Engystomops pustulosus, Bufo bufo and Hymenochirus boettgeri). The OR genes were identified through searches for homologies, and sequence filtering and alignment using bioinformatic tools and scripts. A high diversity of OR genes was found in all three species, ranging from 917 in B. bufo to 1194 in H. boettgeri, and a total of 2076 OR genes in E. pustulosus. Six OR groups were recognized using an evolutionary gene tree analysis. While E. pustulosus has one of the highest numbers of genes of the gamma group (which detect airborne odorants) yet recorded in an anuran, B. bufo presented the smallest number of pseudogene sequences ever identified, with no pseudogenes in either the beta or epsilon groups. Although H. boettgeri shares many morphological adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle with Xenopus, and presented a similar number of genes related to the detection of water-soluble odorants, it had comparatively far fewer genes related to the detection of airborne odorants. This study is the first to describe the complete OR repertoire of the three study species and represents an important contribution to the understanding of the evolution and function of the sense of smell in vertebrates.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Brazilian Coordination for Higher Education Personnel Training (CAPES/PROAP—Finance Code 001 and CAPES-Print) for the scholarships provided to JFS. DPB is grateful the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq #303646/2021-7, 443892/2020-2, and CNPq #401024/2022-9). We are grateful to Dr. Fabricio Almeida-Silva for helping with syntenet package and anonymous reviewers for their valuable criticisms that helped to improve this paper. We are grateful to NAPI Bioinformática of the Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Estado do Paraná (FA)

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  1. Laboratório de Citogenética Evolutiva e Conservação Animal (LabCECA), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Paraná, Brazil

    Johnny Sousa Ferreira & Daniel Pacheco Bruschi

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  1. Johnny Sousa Ferreira
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  2. Daniel Pacheco Bruschi
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Correspondence to Daniel Pacheco Bruschi.

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Ferreira, J.S., Bruschi, D.P. Tracking the Diversity and Chromosomal Distribution of the Olfactory Receptor Gene Repertoires of Three Anurans Species. J Mol Evol 91, 793–805 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-023-10135-y

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