This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Aslam S, Lan X, Zhang B, Chen Z, Wang L, Niu D (2019) Aerobic prokaryotes do not have higher GC contents than anaerobic prokaryotes, but obligate aerobic prokaryotes have. BMC Evol Biol 19(1):35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1365-8
Barbu E, Lee K, Wahl R (1956) Content of purine and pyrimidine base in desoxyribonucleic acid of bacteria. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 91(2):212–224
Belozersky A, Spirin A (1958) A correlation between the compositions of deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids. Nature 182(4628):111–112. https://doi.org/10.1038/182111a0
Bernardi G (1995) The human genome: organization and evolutionary history. Annu Rev Genet 29:445–476. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.29.120195.002305
Bohlin J, Pettersson J (2019) Evolution of genomic base composition: from single cell microbes to multicellular animals. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 17:362–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2019.03.001
D’Onofrio G, Jabbari K, Musto H, Alvarez-Valin F, Cruveiller S, Bernardi G (1999) Evolutionary genomics of vertebrates and its implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 870:81–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08867.x
Duret L, Eyre-Walker A, Galtier N (2006) A new perspective on isochore evolution. Gene 385:71–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2006.04.030
Eyre-Walker A (1993) Recombination and mammalian genome evolution. Proc Biol Sci 252(1335):237–243. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1993.0071
Eyre-Walker A, Hurst L (2001) The evolution of isochores. Nat Rev Genet 2(7):549–555. https://doi.org/10.1038/35080577
Giovannoni S, Tripp H, Givan S, Podar M, Vergin K, Baptista D, Bibbs L, Eads J, Richardson T, Noordewier M, Rappé MS, Short J, Carrington J, Mathur E (2005) Genome streamlining in a cosmopolitan oceanic bacterium. Science 309(5738):1242–1245. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1114057
Haywood-Farmer E, Otto S (2003) The evolution of genomic base composition in bacteria. Evolution 57(8):1783–1792. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00586.x
Hershberg R, Petrov D (2010) Evidence that mutation is universally biased towards AT in bacteria. PLoS Genet 6(9):e1001115. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001115
Hildebrand F, Meyer A, Eyre-Walker A (2010) Evidence of selection upon genomic GC-content in bacteria. PLoS Genet 6(9):e1001107. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001107
Hu E, Lan X, Liu Z, Gao J, Niu D (2022) A positive correlation between GC content and growth temperature in prokaryotes. BMC Genomics 23(1):110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-022-08353-7
Iriarte A, Lamolle G, Musto H (2021) Codon usage bias: an endless tale. J Mol Evol 89(9–10):589–593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-021-10027-z
Kumari N, Raghavan S (2021) G-quadruplex DNA structures and their relevance in radioprotection. Biochim Biophys Acta 1865(5):129857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129857
Lawrence J, Ochman H (1997) Amelioration of bacterial genomes: rates of change and exchange. J Mol Evol 44(4):383–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00006158
Luo H, Thompson L, Stingl U, Hughes A (2015) Selection maintains low genomic GC content in marine SAR11 lineages. Mol Biol Evol 32(10):2738–2748. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msv149
Marashi S, Ghalanbor Z (2006) Correlations between genomic GC levels and optimal growth temperatures are not ‘robust.’ Biochem Biophys Res Commun 325(2):381–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.05
Matallana-Surget S, Meador J, Joux F, Douki T (2008) Effect of the GC content of DNA on the distribution of UVB-induced bipyrimidine photoproducts. Photochem Photobiol Sci 7(7):794–801. https://doi.org/10.1039/b719929e
McEwan C, Gatherer D, McEwan N (1978) Nitrogen-fixing aerobic bacteria have higher genomic GC content than non-fixing species within the same genus. Hereditas 128(2):173–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1998.00173.x
Miller J (1996) Spontaneous mutators in bacteria: insights into pathways of mutagenesis and repair. Annu Rev Microbiol 50:625–643. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.625
Musto H, Romero H, Zavala A, Bernardi G (1999) Compositional correlations in the chicken genome. J Mol Evol 49(3):325–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00006555
Musto H, Naya H, Zavala A, Romero H, Alvarez-Valín F, Bernardi G (2004) Correlations between genomic GC levels and optimal growth temperatures in prokaryotes. FEBS Lett 573(1–3):73–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.056
Musto H, Naya H, Zavala A, Romero H, Alvarez-Valin F, Bernardi G (2005) The correlation between genomic G+C and optimal growth temperature of prokaryotes is robust: a reply to Marashi and Ghalanbor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 330(2):357–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.133
Musto H, Naya H, Zavala A, Romero H, Alvarez-Valín F, Bernardi G (2006) Genomic GC level, optimal growth temperature, and genome size in prokaryotes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 347(1):1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.054
Naya H, Romero H, Zavala A, Alvarez B, Musto H (2002) Aerobiosis increases the genomic guanine plus cytosine content (GC%) in prokaryotes. J Mol Evol 55(3):260–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-002-2323-3
Naya H, Gianola D, Romero H, Urioste J, Musto H (2006) Inferring parameters shaping amino acid usage in prokaryotic genomes via Bayesian MCMC methods. Mol Biol Evol 23(1):203–211. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msj023
Peixoto L, Zavala A, Romero H, Musto H (2003) The strength of translational selection for codon usage varies in the three replicons of Sinorhizobium meliloti. Gene 320:109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00815-1
Rocha E, Danchin A (2002) Base composition bias might result from competition for metabolic resources. Trends Genet 18(6):291–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02690-2
Romero H, Pereira E, Naya H, Musto H (2009) Oxygen and guanine-cytosine profiles in marine environments. J Mol Evol 69(2):203–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-009-9230-9
Sauer D, Wang D-N (2019) Predicting the optimal growth temperatures of prokaryotes using only genome derived features. Bioinformatics 35(18):3224–3231. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz059
Sedláček I, Pantůček R, Králová S, Mašlaňová I, Holochová P, Staňková E, Vrbovská V, Švec P, Busse H (2019) Hymenobacter amundsenii sp. nov. resistant to ultraviolet radiation, isolated from regoliths in Antarctica. Syst Appl Microbiol 42(3):284–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2018.12.004
Singer C, Ames B (1970) Sunlight ultraviolet and bacterial DNA base ratios. Science 170(3960):822–825. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.170.3960.822
Sueoka N (1962) On the genetic basis of variation and heterogeneity of DNA base composition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 48(4):582–592. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.48.4.582
Sueoka N (1961) Correlation between base composition of deoxyribonucleic acid and amino acid composition of protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 47(8):1141–1149. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.47.8.1141
Sueoka N (1993) Directional mutation pressure, mutator mutations, and dynamics of molecular evolution. J Mol Evol 37(2):137–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02407349
Wang H, Susko E, Roger A (2006) On the correlation between genomic G+C content and optimal growth temperature in prokaryotes: data quality and confounding factors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 342(3):681–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.037
Acknowledgements
I thank PEDECIBA and SNI for partial financial support. I also thank the important suggestions made by the referees for improving the previous version of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Handling editor: David Liberles.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Musto, H. How Many Factors Influence Genomic GC Content Among Prokaryotes?. J Mol Evol 91, 6–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-022-10077-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-022-10077-x