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Thermodynamic analysis of batch adsorption isotherms of different types of olive pomace

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Abstract

The main purpose of this work is to identify the hygroscopic equilibrium and also determine the product–water relationship in olive pomace. In this context, experimental, modeling and thermodynamic analysis of adsorption isotherms of four types of agricultural wastes (olive pomace), have been carried out. Two samples were separately de-oiled by the maceration method and the hydrothermal carbonization process. Besides, adsorption isotherms of these biomass samples were obtained experimentally at three oven temperatures (30, 40 and 50 °C). The findings showed that the de-oiled samples are more hydrophobic than those containing residual oil, especially when water activity (aw) values are higher than 0.4. Moreover, adsorption isotherms were modeled by five mathematical models available in the literature. In the thermodynamic point of view, the net isosteric heat and the differential entropy of adsorption were estimated for each sample. The highest value of the net isosteric heat (around 65 kJ mol−1) is obtained for no de-oiled samples. Also, it has been found that the development of monolayer adsorption requires more net isosteric heat to ensure the water molecules adhesion to the biomass surface unlike the formation of multilayer adsorption. In addition, the enthalpy/entropy compensation theory for all examined biomasses was confirmed, and their free energy values are positive (between 3479.8 and 4155.6 J mol−1). Finally, optimal water activity values were also estimated and ranged from 0.35 to 0.49.

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Abbreviations

A, B, C, D :

Model parameters (–)

a w :

Water activity (–)

d :

Number of degrees of freedom (–)

HR :

Relative humidity (%)

L v :

Latent heat of vaporization (J kg−1)

M h :

Wet mass (kg)

MRE:

Mean relative error (–)

Ms :

Dry mass (kg)

N :

Number of experimental points (–)

n:

Number of variables of each model (–)

q st :

Net isosteric heat of adsorption (J mol−1)

Q st :

Total isosteric heat of adsorption (J kg−1)

r :

Correlation coefficient (–)

R:

Perfect gas constant (J mol−1 K−1)

SEE:

Standard error of estimation (–)

T:

Absolute temperature (K)

X eq :

Equilibrium water content (kg water/kg d.b)

\(\ell\) :

Number of isotherms (–)

θ:

Temperature (°C)

ΔG :

Gibbs free energy (J mol−1)

ΔS:

Differential entropy (J mol−1 K−1)

exp :

Experimental

pre :

Predicted

op :

Optimal

hm :

Harmonic

β :

Isokinetic

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the research institute ‘’Institut de Recherche en Energie Solaire et Energies Nouvelles’’ via the BioF2S project funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy Research Center, Thermal and Energy Research Team (ERTE), ENSAM-Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco

    Ilias Bakhattar, Hamza Chater & Mohamed Asbik

  2. Green Energy Park (IRESEN, UM6P), Km 2, Route Régionale R206, Benguerir, Morocco

    Abdelghani Koukouch, Hamza Chater & Ammar Mouaky

  3. LESPAM, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Cadi Ayyad, B.P. 2400, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco

    Ali Idlimam

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Appendix

Appendix

As announced in Section 5.2, this Appendix is only intended for the modeling results. To choose models adjusted to experimental adsorption isotherms, parameters A, B, C and D of the five models presented in Table 2 (see Section 3) should be determined. For this reason, the mean relative error (MRE) and the standard error of estimation (SEE) are simultaneously minimized and the correlation coefficient r is maximized too. So, in Tables

Table 7 Estimation of the models parameters (A, B, C and D): case of the VOP biomass
Full size table

7,

Table 8 Estimation of the models parameters (A, B, C and D): case of the DOP_30 biomass
Full size table

8,

Table 9 Estimation of the models parameters (A, B, C and D): case of the DOP_M biomass
Full size table

9, and

Table 10 Estimation of the models parameters (A, B, C and D): case of the DOP_HTC biomass
Full size table

10, the (MRE) and (SEE) errors as well as the correlation coefficient r of the five models are compared with each other. Consequently, results from these tables confirm the good adequacy of three models (GAB, LESPAM and Peleg) with experimental results.

To identify the best model among them, residuals between experimental and predicted values (see Eq. (11)) for each biomass, are depicted in Figs. 8, 9, 10 and11. They show that the Peleg model describes perfectly adsorption isotherms of VOP biomass, and the LESPAM model is more suitable for adsorption isotherms of DOP_M. As for the GAB, it is the best adapted model to the two other samples (DOP_30 and DOP_HTC).

For these models, the mean relative error (MRE) and the correlation coefficient r have the lowest value and the highest value respectively for all the isotherms, and even more since their range of validity is appropriate to that of water activity.

Fig. 8
figure 8

Residues of VOP biomass adsorption isotherms

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Fig. 9
figure 9

Residues of DOP_30 biomass adsorption isotherms

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Fig. 10
figure 10

Residues of DOP_M biomass adsorption isotherms

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Fig. 11
figure 11

Residues of DOP_HTC biomass adsorption isotherms

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Bakhattar, I., Koukouch, A., Chater, H. et al. Thermodynamic analysis of batch adsorption isotherms of different types of olive pomace. Heat Mass Transfer 58, 613–630 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-021-03120-y

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