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An experimental investigation of the effect of the addition of nano Aluminum oxide on pool boiling of refrigerant 134A

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Abstract

The pool boiling of R-134a has been experimentally investigated with an addition of nano particles of Aluminum oxide. The experiments were carried out using a cylindrical stainless-steel heater. The roughness of the heater surface was changed. Different concentrations of nano Aluminum oxide particles to the base R-134a were tested. Different heat fluxes as well as different boiling pressures were considered during the experimental tests. The results show that the suspension of Al2O3 nano particles enhances heat transfer coefficient in the nucleate pool boiling zone for concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.25% by volume. Higher heat flux and pressure result in enhancements of 37.6, 55.4, 90.2 and 167.7% corresponding to 0.042, 0.84, 1.54 and 2.35 μm surface roughness respectively. The more concentration of Al2O3 nano particles deteriorates the heat transfer coefficient. An empirical correlation was deduced to formulate the relation among heat transfer coefficient, heat flux, pressure, concentration, and surface roughness within a maximum deviation of about ±9%.

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Abbreviations

C :

Specific heat [J/(kg K)]

d :

Diameter of the heater (m)

h :

Heat transfer coefficient [W/(m2 K)]

i :

Electric current (A)

k :

Thermal conductivity [W/(m K)]

l :

Length of the heater (m)

M :

Molecular mass (kg/k mol)

\( m^{.} \) :

Mass flow rate (kg/s)

p :

Pressure (Pa)

n :

Shape factor, n = 3/τ

q :

Heat flux (W/m2)

R :

Heat ratio

Ra :

Arithmetical mean of roughness profile (μm)

Rp :

Maximum roughness peak height (μm)

Rq :

Root mean square roughness average (μm)

Rv :

Maximum roughness valley depth (μm)

Rz :

Irregularities roughness height of ten points (μm)

r :

Radius (m)

ρ :

Density (kg/m3)

σ :

Surface tension (N/m)

T :

Temperature (K)

τ :

Sphericity, τ = 1 for sphere, τ = 0.5 for cylinder

v :

Voltage (V)

ϕ :

Concentration by volume

ξ :

Enhancement ratio

avg :

Average

bf :

Base fluid

cr :

Critical

i :

Inner

o :

Outer

mr :

Mirror

nf :

Nano fluid

np :

Nano particles

p :

Pressure

s :

Surface

sat :

Saturation

w :

Water

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Department, Faculty of Industrial Education, Suez University, Suez, Egypt

    Eldesouki I. Eid, Reda A. Khalaf-Allah & Ahmed A. Al-Nagdy

  2. Mechanical Power Department, Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Shoubra, Egypt

    Sherif H. Taher

Authors
  1. Eldesouki I. Eid
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  2. Reda A. Khalaf-Allah
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  3. Sherif H. Taher
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  4. Ahmed A. Al-Nagdy
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Correspondence to Eldesouki I. Eid.

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Eid, E.I., Khalaf-Allah, R.A., Taher, S.H. et al. An experimental investigation of the effect of the addition of nano Aluminum oxide on pool boiling of refrigerant 134A. Heat Mass Transfer 53, 2597–2607 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-017-2010-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-017-2010-y

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