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Fish and benthic communities in an offshore and well-managed coral reef after bleaching disturbance in the Philippines

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Abstract

Climate change is perhaps the greatest threat to coral reefs worldwide. However, there is spatial variation in the extent and severity of this disturbance, with offshore and well-managed reefs presumed to be less vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbance. Here, fish and benthic communities at the offshore and well-managed reefs of Apo Reef Natural Park, Philippines, were examined during a bleaching disturbance in 2016 and reassessed 2 (2018) and 3 years (2019) after using scuba surveys. Results showed that benthic communities varied more strongly with year attributed to changes in the benthic cover of coral. These changes were influenced by site, with some sites experiencing coral loss of 41–48%, while other sites exhibited minimal changes. Site differences in coral loss may be associated with coral cover, with sites that had high coral cover prior to bleaching incurring larger loss of coral cover. Fish communities varied more with sites and was associated with differences in the predominant benthos. The stability of fish communities with year despite coral loss may be attributed to the minimal loss of coral cover at some sites. For sites that experienced high losses of coral cover, the presence of alternative and deeper habitats may have provided shelter and food for more mobile fishes maintaining taxonomic composition within sites. This study shows that bleaching disturbance circumvents effective management, but impacts are variable even at small (≤ 3 km) spatial scales. Benthic community composition and presence of alternative habitats potentially alleviate the negative impacts of bleaching on reef fish diversity and abundance.

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Data collected and analyzed from this study are available from the corresponding author on a reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the laboratory assistants F Castrence, R de Guzman, B Gabuay, R Valenzuela and K Adolfo for their assistance in the fieldwork. We thank the comments and criticisms of two anonymous reviewers that greatly improved the content of this manuscript.

Funding

This work was funded by the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development, Department of Science and Technology (QMSR-MRRD-MEC-295-1449 and QSMR-MMRD-MEC-314-1542) awarded to PCC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, 1101, Quezon City, Philippines

    Timothy Joseph R. Quimpo, Jeremiah Noelle Requilme, Elizabeth Gomez, Sherry Lyn Sayco, Edwin E. Dumalagan Jr., Fernando P. Siringan, Cecilia Conaco & Patrick C. Cabaitan

  2. College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia

    Timothy Joseph R. Quimpo

  3. Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

    Sherry Lyn Sayco

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  1. Timothy Joseph R. Quimpo
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Contributions

TJQ and PCC conceptualized the study. TJQ did the statistical analyses and prepared the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the collection and preparation of data, and commented and revised previous versions of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Timothy Joseph R. Quimpo.

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Quimpo, T.J.R., Requilme, J.N., Gomez, E. et al. Fish and benthic communities in an offshore and well-managed coral reef after bleaching disturbance in the Philippines. Mar Biol 170, 123 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04273-6

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