Abstract
The quantitative analysis of taurine and edaravone in biological sample is critical in pharmaceutical studies. Although each of them can be individually analyzed by different approaches, concurrent quantification is still a highly challenging task with respect to their great polarity variation and the complex composition of tissue sample. In the present study, to simultaneously determine taurine and edaravone in rat tissue, the sample preparation and chromatographic separation conditions were evaluated and discussed in detail. As for the sample preparation, four kinds of solvent and the volume ratio of the optimal solvent to biological sample were both tested and evaluated based on the chromatographic profile, extraction recovery, and matrix effect (ME). The chromatographic separation was performed in a reverse phase (RP) and two hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) modes, and the corresponding separation efficiencies were assessed using chromatographic parameters like half-width (W 1/2 ), tailing factor (f t), theoretical plates number (N), and ME. Furthermore, adopted composition of two mobile phase systems and the concentrations of the additives in the optimum buffer system were also investigated on an Atlantis HILIC silica column according to the resultant chromatographic profiles and peak areas of the analytes. The optimal results were obtained when the biological samples were deproteined by 4-fold volume of methanol/acetonitrile (1:3, v/v) and separated on a HILIC column with a gradient elution of acetonitrile/water containing 0.2 % formic acid and 10 mM ammonium formate. The proposed approach was validated and successfully applied to the parallel determination of the tissue distribution of edaravone and taurine in rat tissues.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yamamoto Y, Kuwahara T, Watanabe K (1996) Antioxidant activity of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one. Redox Rep 2:333–338
Lukic-Panin V, Deguchi K, Yamashita T, Shang J, Zhang X, Tian F, Liu N, Kawai H, Matsuura T, Abe K (2010) Free radical scavenger edaravone administration protects against tissue plasminogen activator induced oxidative stress and blood brain barrier damage. Curr Neurovasc Res 7:319–329
Watanabe T, Yuki S, Egawa M, Nishi H (1994) Protective effects of MCI-186 on cerebral ischemia: possible involvement of free radical scavenging and antioxidant actions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 268:1597–1604
Yamamoto T, Yuki S, Watanabe T, Mitsuka M, Saito KI, Kogure K (1997) Delayed neuronal death prevented by inhibition of increased hydroxyl radical formation in a transient cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 762:240–242
Abe K, Yuki S, Kogure K (1988) Strong attenuation of ischemic and post-ischemic brain edema in rats by a novel free radical scavenger. Stroke 19:480–485
Shinohara Y, Yanagihara T, Abe K, Yoshimine T, Fujinaka T, Chuma T, Ochi F, Nagayama M, Ogawa A, Suzuki N, Katayama Y, Kimura A, Minematsu K (2011) II. Cerebral infarction/transient ischemic attack (TIA). J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 20:S31–S73
Guidotti A, Badiani G, Pepeu G (1972) Taurine distribution in cat brain. J Neurochem 19:431–435
Schaffer SW, Azuma J (1992) Review: myocardial physiological effects of taurine and their significance. Adv Exp Med Biol 315:105–120
Schaffer S, Solodushko V, Azuma J (2000) Taurine-deficient cardiomyopathy: role of phospholipids, calcium and osmotic stress. Adv Exp Med Biol 483:57–69
Menzie J, Pan C, Prentice H, Wu JY (2014) Taurine and central nervous system disorders. Amino Acids 46:31–46
Wu H, Jin Y, Wei J, Jin H, Sha D, Wu JY (2005) Mode of action of taurine as a neuroprotector. Brain Res 1038:123–131
Chepkova AN, Doreulee N, Yanovsky Y, Mukhopadhyay D, Haas HL, Sergeeva OA (2002) Long-lasting enhancement of corticostriatal neurotransmission by taurine. Eur J Neurosci 16:1523–1530
Sun M, Xu C (2008) Neuroprotective mechanism of taurine due to up-regulating calpastatin and down-regulating calpain and caspase-3 during focal cerebral ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 28:593–611
Guan W, Zhao Y, Xu C (2011) A combined treatment with taurine and intra-arterial thrombolysis in an embolic model of stroke in rats: increased neuroprotective efficacy and extended therapeutic time window. Transl Stroke Res 2:80–91
Hao X, Li XL, Liu YB, Shen HT, Yue LQ (2012) Experimental study of the protective effects of edaravone combining with taurine on the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Chin J Misdiagn 12:1597–1598
Tang DQ, Bian TT, Zheng XX, Li Y, Wu XW, Li YJ, Du Q, Jiang SS (2014) LC-MS/MS methods for the determination of edaravone and/or taurine in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 28:1173–1182
Yu YY, Zheng XX, Bian TT, Li YJ, Wu XW, Yang DZ, Jiang SS, Tang DQ (2013) Development and application of a LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous quantification of edaravone and taurine in beagle plasma. J Sep Sci 36:3837–3844
Cui JF, Liao SH, Sun LN, Yan ZY (2012) Determination of edaravone in rat plasma by an LC-UV method and the application in pharmacokinetic study. Chin Pharm Anal 32:1634–1637
Gao C, Li X, Li Y, Wang L, Xue M (2010) Pharmacokinetic interaction between puerarin and edaravone, and effect of borneol on the brain distribution kinetics of puerarin in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 62:360–367
Sato T, Mizuno K, Ishii F (2008) In vitro metabolism study of edaravone in Wistar and hairless rat skin. Biol Pharm Bull 31:1150–1154
Mou S, Ding X, Liu Y (2002) Separation methods for taurine analysis in biological samples. J Chromatogr B 781:251–267
Yan HY, Qiao FX, Tian M, Row KH (2012) Application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene pre-column derivatization to quantitative determination of taurine and its intermediate in beverages and milk samples. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 36:35–43
Wang X, Chi D, Su G, Li L, Shao L (2011) Determination of taurine in biological samples by high-performance liquid chromatography using 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan as a derivatizing agent. Biomed Environ Sci 24:537–542
Zinellu A, Sotgia S, Scanu B, Chessa R, Gaspa L, Franconi F, Deiana L, Carru C (2009) Taurine determination by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection: from clinical field to quality food applications. Amino Acids 36:35–41
Lorenzo MP, Navarrete A, Balderas C, Garcia A (2013) Optimization and validation of a CE-LIF method for amino acid determination in biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 73:116–124
Huang JM, Weisensee C (2008) Enhancing the determination of sulfonic acids using anion-exchange chromatography with post-column derivatization and spectrometric detection. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 31:509–516
Huang Y, Tian Y, Zhang Z, Peng C (2012) A HILIC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of seven organic acids in rat urine as biomarkers of exposure to realgar. J Chromatogr B 905:37–42
Bathena SP, Huang J, Epstein AA, Gendelman HE, Boska MD, Alnouti Y (2012) Rapid and reliable quantitation of amino acids and myo-inositol in mouse brain by high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 893(894):15–20
Gamagedara S, Shi H, Ma Y (2012) Quantitative determination of taurine and related biomarkers in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 402:763–770
Gu LQ, Xin YF, Zhang S, Wen L, Yang SB, Hu XL, Xuan YX (2010) Determination of edaravone in the plasma of beagle dog by LC-MS/MS. Acta Acad Med Zhejiang 2:14–16
Tang DQ, Zheng XX, Li YJ, Bian TT, Yu YY, Du Q, Yang DZ, Jiang SS (2014) Two complementary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods to study the excretion and metabolic interaction of edaravone and taurine in rats. J Chromatogr B 970:8–17
Hemstrom P, Irgum K (2006) Hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 29:1784–1821
US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Guidance for Industry (2001), Bioanalytical Method Validation. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/Guidances/ucm070107.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2014
Van Eeckhaut A, Lanckmans K, Sarre S, Smolders I, Michotte Y (2009) Validation of bioanalytical LC-MS/MS assays: evaluation of matrix effects. J Chromatogr B 877:2198–2207
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge support for this work sponsored by Qing-Lan and Liu-Da-Ren-Cai-Gao-Feng Project of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Overseas Research and Training Program for University Prominent Young and Middle-Aged Teachers and Presidents, and a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Yin-jie Li, Zheng Li and Xiao-xiao Zheng contributed equally to this work.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(PDF 1751 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, Yj., Li, Z., Zheng, Xx. et al. Evaluation of sample preparation and chromatographic separation for the parallel determination of taurine and edaravone in rat tissues using HILIC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 407, 4143–4153 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8635-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8635-0