References
El-Menyar A, Mekkodathil A, Al-Thani H, Al-Motarreb A (2015) Khat use: history and heart failure. Oman Med J 30(2):77–82. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2015.18
Huhn AS, Ellis JD, Dunn KE et al (2022) Patient-reported sleep outcomes in randomized-controlled trials in persons with substance use disorders: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend 237:109508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109508
Jiménez-Correa U, Santana-Miranda R, Barrera-Medina A et al (2022) Parasomnias in patients with addictions—a systematic review. CNS Spectr 27(1):58–65. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852920001911
Kennedy JG, Teague J, Fairbanks L (1980) Qat use in North Yemen and the problem of addiction: a study in medical anthropology. Cult Med Psychiatry 4(4):311–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00051810
Mihretu A, Fekadu A, Norton S, Habtamu K, Teferra S (2022) Development of a problematic khat use screening test (PKUST-17) in Ethiopia: classical test theory and item response Theory analysis. Collabra Psychol 8(1):38064. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.38064
Odenwald M (2017) Khat use and related addiction, mental health and physical disorders: the need to address a growing risk. East Mediterr Health J 23(3):236–244. https://doi.org/10.26719/2017.23.3.236
Odenwald M, Warfa N, Bhui K, Elbert T (2010) The stimulant khat--another door in the wall? A call for overcoming the barriers. J Ethnopharmacol 132(3):615–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.11.005
Roehrs TA, Roth T (2015) Sleep disturbance in substance use disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 38(4):793–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2015.07.008
Silva B, Soares J, Rocha-Pereira C, Mladěnka P, Remião F (2022) Khat, a cultural chewing drug: a toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic summary. Toxins 14(2):71. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14020071
Acknowledgements
The author would like to acknowledge Dr. Messali of Adama Hospital Medical College for making this work possible.
Funding
This study is supported by the Hennepin Healthcare Department of Graduate Medical Education and Global Health Program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Swart, B. Dukak – a pathognomonic symptom of khat withdrawal?. Psychopharmacology 240, 2013–2014 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-023-06433-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-023-06433-4