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Capsaicin reduces blood glucose and prevents prostate growth by regulating androgen, RAGE/IGF-1/Akt, TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway and reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

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Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease. Diabetes increases the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Capsaicin is extracted from chili peppers and possesses many pharmacological properties, including anti-diabetic, pain-relieving, and anti-cancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of capsaicin on glucose metabolism and prostate growth in T2DM mice and uncover the related mechanisms. Mice model of diabetes was established by administering a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Oral administration of capsaicin for 2 weeks inhibited prostate growth in testosterone propionate (TP)-treated mice. Furthermore, oral administration of capsaicin (5 mg/kg) for 2 weeks decreased fasting blood glucose, prostate weight, and prostate index in diabetic and TP-DM mice. Histopathological alterations were measured using hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining. The protein expression of 5α-reductase type II, androgen receptor (AR), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were upregulated in diabetic and TP-DM mice, but capsaicin reversed these effects. Capsaicin decreased the protein expression of p-AKT, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-1R, and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in diabetic and TP-DM mice. Capsaicin also regulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and modulated the expression of fibrosis-related proteins, including E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin, α-SMA, TGFBR2, TGF-β1, and p-Smad in TP-DM mice. In this study, capsaicin alleviated diabetic prostate growth by attenuating EMT. Mechanistically, capsaicin affected EMT by regulating RAGE/IGF-1/AKT, AR, and TGF-β/Smad signalling pathways. These results provide with new therapeutic approach for treating T2DM or T2DM-induced prostate growth.

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The current data generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to EditSprings. (https://www.editsprings.cn ) for the expert linguistic services provided.

Funding

This work was supported by Yichun University Local Development Research Center (grant no. DF2019002) and PhD Research Foundation of Yichun University (grant no. 2113360118006).

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  1. School of Medicine, Yichun University, 576 XueFu Road, Yuanzhou District, Yichun, 336000, Jiangxi Province, China

    Hui Sun, ZiTong Wang, BingHua Tu, ZiChen Shao, YiDan Li, Di Han, YinJie Jiang, Peng Zhang, WeiChang Zhang, YunYan Wu, XiaoMing Wu & Chi-Ming Liu

  2. College of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering, Yichun University, 576 XueFu Road, Yuanzhou District, Yichun, 336000, Jiangxi Province, China

    Hui Sun, ZiChen Shao, YiDan Li & Di Han

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Contributions

Chi-Ming Liu and Hui Sun conceived and designed the experiments. The experiments were performed by Hui Sun, ZiTong Wang, BingHua Tu, ZiChen Shao, Peng Zhang, WeiChang Zhang, YunYan Wu, and XiaoMing Wu. The data were analyzed by Hui Sun, YiDan Li, Di Han, and YinJie Jiang. The manuscript was written by Hui Sun and Chi-Ming Liu. Chi-Ming Liu approved the version to be published and provided funding. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. The authors declare that all data were generated in-house and that no paper mill was used.

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Correspondence to Chi-Ming Liu.

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The present study and the animal experiments were approved and conducted according to the guidelines of the Animal Care and Ethics Committee of Yichun University (Approval No. 2023013).

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Sun, H., Wang, Z., Tu, B. et al. Capsaicin reduces blood glucose and prevents prostate growth by regulating androgen, RAGE/IGF-1/Akt, TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway and reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-03092-w

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