Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is associated with numerous acute and chronic dose-related toxicities including hepatotoxicity. This adverse reaction may limit the use of other chemotherapeutic agents with hepatic excretion, and so, its prevention is an important issue. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive review of in vitro, in vivo and human studies regarding the protective effects of synthetic and naturally-occurring compounds against DOX-induced liver injury. The search was conducted in Embase, PubMed, and Scopus databases using the following keywords: “doxorubicin,” “Adriamycin,” “hepatotoxicity,” “liver injury,” “liver damage,” and “hepatoprotective,” and all articles published in English were included without time restriction. Forty eligible studies to the end of May 2022 finally were reviewed. Our results demonstrated that all of these drugs, except acetylsalicylic acid, had considerable hepatoprotective effects against DOX. In addition, none of the studied compounds attenuated the antitumor efficacy of DOX treatment. Silymairn was the only compound which is assessed in human studies and showed promising preventive and therapeutic effects. Altogether, our results demonstrated that most of compounds with antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory properties are efficacious against DOX-induced hepatotoxicity and may be considered as a potential adjuvant agent for prevention of hepatotoxicity in cancer patients, after fully been assessed in well-designed large clinical trials.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Abbreviations
- DOX:
-
Doxorubicin
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- NADPH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- AST:
-
Aspartate aminotransaminase
- ALT:
-
Alanine aminotransaminase
- SD rats:
-
Sprague-Dawley rats
- PI3K:
-
Phosphoinositide3-kinase
- TNBC cells:
-
Triple negative breast cancer cells
- G10:
-
10-Gingerol
- Cdk-6:
-
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6
- GGT:
-
γ Glutamyl transferase
- NM:
-
Nutrient mixture
- RCD:
-
Regular chow diet
- VCO:
-
Virgin coconut oil
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- CkMB:
-
Creatine kinase myocardial band
- DLA:
-
Daltone’s lymphoma ascites
- GAE:
-
Ganoderma applantum Extract
- LDL:
-
Low density lipoprotein
- HDL:
-
High density lipoprotein
- ALP:
-
Alkaline phosphatase
- TG:
-
Triglycerides
- PRV:
-
Pravastatin
- LNE:
-
Lipid nanoemulsion
- EAC-challenged mice:
-
Mice which injected with tumor cells
- TBARS:
-
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- LD50:
-
Median lethal dose
- PARP:
-
Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase
- ECG:
-
Electrocardiogram
- CGA:
-
Chlorgenic acid
- FAC:
-
Fluorouracil/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide
- TE:
-
Transient elastography
- RCT:
-
Randomized clinical trial
- AC-T:
-
Doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide-paclitaxel
- AKBA:
-
Acetyl 11-keto-b-boswellic acid
- Nrf2:
-
NF-E2-related factor 2
- BOS:
-
Boswellic acid
- HO-1:
-
Oxygenase-1
- Sirt1:
-
Silent information regulator 1
- FOXO1:
-
Forkhead box protein O1
- Keap1:
-
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1
- PCNA:
-
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- GPx:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- GR:
-
Glutathione reductase
- GST:
-
Glutathione-S-transferase
- EC50:
-
Half maximal effective concentration
- Cr:
-
Creatine
- FN-1:
-
Fibronectin
- NIN:
-
Naringin
- LA:
-
DL-alpha lipoic acid
- GSSE:
-
Grape seed and skin extract
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- G6PD:
-
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- ATS:
-
Artemisinin
- ATX:
-
Astaxanthin
- AA:
-
Asiatic acid
- ALP:
-
Alkaline phosphatase
- LPO:
-
Lipid peroxidation
- ZM:
-
Zataria multiflora
- AHE:
-
Acacia hydaspica
- POD:
-
Peroxidase
- QR:
-
Quinone reductase
- pCA:
-
P-Coumaric acid
- ALB:
-
Albumin
- ZJ:
-
Ziziphus jujuba
- HSP70:
-
Heat shock protein 70
- IGF:
-
Insulin-like growth factor
- IGFBP-3:
-
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein
- ETC:
-
Electron transport chain
References
Abbas NAT, Awad MM, Nafea OE (2020) Silymarin in combination with chlorogenic acid protects against hepatotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in rats: possible role of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway. Toxicol Res (Camb) 9(6):771–777
Afsar T, Razak S, Khan MR, Almajwal A (2017) Acacia hydaspica ethyl acetate extract protects against cisplatin-induced DNA damage, oxidative stress and testicular injuries in adult male rats. BMC Cancer 17(1):883
Afsar T, Razak S, Almajwal A (2019) Effect of Acacia hydaspica R. Parker extract on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status, liver function test and histopathology in doxorubicin treated rats. Lipids Health Dis 18(1):126
Ahmed MA et al (2013) The protective effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) against adriamycin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Life Sciencejournal 10(1):1412–1422
Ahmed O, Abdul-Hamid M, El-bakry A, Mohamed HM, Rahman FE-ZSA (2019) Camellia sinensis and epicatechin abate doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats via their modulatory effects on oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. J Appl Pharm Sci 9:30–44
Ahmed OM, Galaly SR, Mostafa M-A, Eed EM, Ali TM, Fahmy AM, Zaky M (2022) Thyme oil and thymol counter doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity via modulation of inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022
Aktaş İ, Özmen Ö, Tutun H, Yalçın A, Türk A (2020) Artemisinin attenuates doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats. Biotech Histochem 95(2):121–128
Anandakumar PP, Malarkodi SP, Sivaprasad TR, Saravanan GD (2007) Antioxidant DL-alpha lipoic acid as an attenuator of adriamycin induced hepatotoxicity in rat model. Indian J Exp Biol 45(12):1045–1049
Askarpour GS, Javadinia SA, Shahid S, Fanipakdel A, Elyasi S, Karimi G (2021) Oral silymarin formulation efficacy in management of AC-T protocol induced hepatotoxicity in breast cancer patients: a randomized, triple blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Oncol Pharm Pract 1–9
Aston WJ, Hope DE, Nowak AK, Robinson BW, Lake RA, Lesterhuis WJ (2017) A systematic investigation of the maximum tolerated dose of cytotoxic chemotherapy with and without supportive care in mice. BMC Cancer 17(1):684. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3677-7
Baptista Moreno Martin AC, Tomasin R, Luna-Dulcey L, Graminha AE, Araújo Naves M, Teles RHG et al (2020) [10]-Gingerol improves doxorubicin anticancer activity and decreases its side effects in triple negative breast cancer models. Cell Oncol (Dordrecht) 43(5):915–29
Barakat BM, Ahmed HI, Bahr HI, Elbahaie AM (2018) Protective effect of boswellic acids against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity: impact on Nrf2/HO-1 defense pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018:8296451
Chen J, Liu X, Li Z (2017) A review of dietary Ziziphus jujuba Fruit (Jujube): developing health food supplements for brain protection. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017:3019568
Cho BJ, Im EK, Kwon JH, Lee KH, Shin HJ, Oh J et al (2005) Berberine inhibits the production of lysophosphatidylcholine-induced reactive oxygen species and the ERK1/2 pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Cells 20(3):429–434
Dos Santos Arruda F, Tomé FD, Miguel MP, de Menezes LB, Nagib PRA, Campos EC et al (2019) Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and cardioprotective agents: classic and new players in the game. Curr Pharm Des 25(2):109–118
El-Sayed EM, Abd-Allah AR, Mansour AM, el-Arabey AA (2015) Thymol and carvacrol prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by abrogation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 29(4):165–172
Famurewa AC, Ufebe OG, Egedigwe CA, Nwankwo OE, Obaje GS (2017) Virgin coconut oil supplementation attenuates acute chemotherapy hepatotoxicity induced by anticancer drug methotrexate via inhibition of oxidative stress in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 87:437–42
Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, Parkin DM, Piñeros M, Znaor A et al (2021) Cancer statistics for the year 2020: an overview. Int J Cancer 149(4):778–789
Gillessen A, Schmidt HHJ (2020) Silymarin as supportive treatment in liver diseases: a narrative review. Adv Ther 37(4):1279–1301
Husna F, Arozal W, Yusuf H, Safarianti S (2022) Protective effect of mangiferin on doxorubicin-induced liver damage in animal model. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26(1):44–51
Jung HA, Kim JI, Choung SY, Choi JS (2014) Protective effect of the edible brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera on doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in primary rat hepatocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol 66(8):1180–1188
Kalender Y, Yel M, Kalender S (2005) Doxorubicin hepatotoxicity and hepatic free radical metabolism in rats. The effects of vitamin E and catechin. Toxicology 209(1):39–45
Kalyanaraman B (2020) Teaching the basics of the mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: have we been barking up the wrong tree? Redox Biol 29:101394
Kamble SM, Patil CR (2018) Asiatic acid ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiac and hepato-renal toxicities with Nrf2 transcriptional factor activation in rats. Cardiovasc Toxicol 18(2):131–141
Kapoor R, Kakkar P (2012) Protective role of morin, a flavonoid, against high glucose induced oxidative stress mediated apoptosis in primary rat hepatocytes. PLoS ONE 7(8):e41663
Kavoosi G, Teixeira da Silva JA, Saharkhiz MJ (2012) Inhibitory effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil and its main components on nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. J Pharm Pharmacol 64(10):1491–500
Khajavi Rad A, Entezari Heravi N (2021) A standardized extract of Ziziphus jujuba Mill protects against adriamycin-induced liver, heart, and brain toxicity: an oxidative stress and biochemical approach. J Food Biochem 45(4):e13698
Khazdair MR, Mhebbati R, Karimi S, Abbasnezhad A, Haghshenas M (2016) The protective effects of Curcuma longa extract on oxidative stress markers in the liver induced by Adriamycin in rats. Physiol Pharmacol 20(1):31–37
Kim YC, An RB, Yoon NY, Nam TJ, Choi JS (2005) Hepatoprotective constituents of the edible brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera on tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in Hep G2 cells. Arch Pharmacal Res 28(12):1376–1380
Kocahan S, Dogan Z, Erdemli E, Taskin E (2017) Protective effect of quercetin against oxidative stress-induced toxicity associated with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in rat kidney and liver tissue. Iran J Kidney Dis 11(2):124–131
Kuzu M, Yıldırım S, Kandemir FM, Küçükler S, Çağlayan C, Türk E et al (2019) Protective effect of morin on doxorubicin-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats. Chem Biol Interact 308:89–100
Lalmuansangi C, Zosangzuali M, Lalremruati M, Tochhawng L, Siama Z (2020) Evaluation of the protective effects of Ganoderma applanatum against doxorubicin-induced toxicity in Dalton's lymphoma ascites (DLA) bearing mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 1–11
Liu M, Xu Y, Han X, Yin L, Xu L, Qi Y et al (2015) Dioscin alleviates alcoholic liver fibrosis by attenuating hepatic stellate cell activation via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Sci Rep 5:18038
Liu X, Yang X, Chen F, Chen D (2017) Combined application of doxorubicin and naringin enhances the antitumor efficiency and attenuates the toxicity of doxorubicin in HeLa cervical cancer cells. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 10(7):7303–7311
Liu X, Qiu Y, Liu Y, Huang N, Hua C, Wang Q et al (2021) Citronellal ameliorates doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity via antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis, and proangiogenesis in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 35(2):e22639
Ma H, Chen S, Xiong H, Wang M, Hang W, Zhu X et al (2020) Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis ameliorates the chemotherapeutic drug (doxorubicin) induced liver injury through the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in mice. Food Funct 11(5):4659–4671
Matsuda H, Morikawa T, Ueda H, Yoshikawa M (2001) Medicinal foodstuffs. XXVII. Saponin constituents of gotu kola (2): structures of new ursane- and oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, centellasaponins B, C, and D, from Centella asiatica cultivated in Sri Lanka. Chem Pharm Bull 49(10):1368–71
Mohaghegh F, Solhi H, Kazemifar AM (2015) Silymarin (milk thistle) can revoke liver enzyme changes during chemotherapy of breast cancer with taxanes. Eur J Integr Med 7(6):650–652
Mohajeri M, Sahebkar A (2017) Protective effect of curcumin against doxorubicin-induced toxicity and resistance: a review. Crit Rev Oncol/Hematol 122:30–51
Mohebbati R, Khazdair MR, Karimi S, Abbasnezhad A (2017) Hepatoprotective effects of combination hydroalcoholic extracts of Nigella sativa and Curcuma longa on Adriamycin induced oxidative stress in rat. J Rep Pharm Sci 6(2):93–102
Mohebbati R, Paseban M, Soukhtanloo M, Jalili-Nik M, Shafei MN, Yazdi AJ et al (2018) Effects of standardized Zataria multiflora extract and its major ingredient, carvacrol, on Adriamycin-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. Biomed J 41(6):340–347
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6(7):e1000097
Mokni M, Hamlaoui S, Kadri S, Limam F, Amri M, Marzouki L et al (2015) Efficacy of grape seed and skin extract against doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Pak J Pharm Sci 28(6):1971–1978
Mshemish BAR, Al-Khazragy KA, Al-Nakaash MAI, Abdul FW (2011) Effect of silymarin against CAF protocol hepatotoxicity. Al-Mustansiriyah J Pharm Sci 9:52–62
Nie YC, Wu H, Li PB, Luo YL, Long K, Xie LM et al (2012) Anti-inflammatory effects of naringin in chronic pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation in cigarette smoke-exposed rats. J Med Food 15(10):894–900
Pardo-Andereu G, Delgado R, Nunez-Selles AJ, Vercesi AE (2006) Dual mechanism of mangiferin protection against iron-induced damageto 2-deoxyribose and ascorbate oxidation. Pharmacol Res 53(3):253–260
Patel N, Joseph C, Corcoran GB, Ray SD (2010) Silymarin modulates doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress, Bcl-xL and p53 expression while preventing apoptotic and necrotic cell death in the liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 245(2):143–152
Pushpavalli G, Kalaiarasi P, Veeramani C, Pugalendi KV (2010) Effect of chrysin on hepatoprotective and antioxidant status in D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 631(1–3):36–41
Quiles JL, Huertas JR, Battino M, Mataix J, Ramírez-Tortosa MC (2002) Antioxidant nutrients and adriamycin toxicity. Toxicology 180(1):79–95
Rafiee Z, Zare Moaiedi M, Valizadeh Gorji A, Mansouri E (2021) p-Coumaric acid alleviates adriamycin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 11:115–121
Rashid S, Ali N, Nafees S, Ahmad ST, Arjumand W, Hasan SK et al (2013) Alleviation of doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity by chrysin in Wistar rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 23(5):337–345
Rašković A, Stilinović N, Kolarović J, Vasović V, Vukmirović S, Mikov M (2011) The protective effects of silymarin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 16(10):8601–8613
Rehman MU, Rahman Mir MU, Farooq A, Rashid SM, Ahmad B, Bilal Ahmad S (2018) Naringenin (4,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone) suppresses the development of precancerous lesions via controlling hyperproliferation and inflammation in the colon of Wistar rats. Environ Toxicol 33(4):422–35
Rochette L, Ghibu S, Richard C, Zeller M, Cottin Y, Vergely C (2013) Direct and indirect antioxidant properties of α-lipoic acid and therapeutic potential. Mol Nutr Food Res 57(1):114–125
Roomi MW, Kalinovsky T, Roomi NW, Rath M, Niedzwiecki A (2014) Prevention of Adriamycin-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in male BALB/c mice by a nutrient mixture. Exp Ther Med 7(4):1040–1044
Sahlan M, Rizka Alia Hapsari N, Diah Pratami K, Cahya Khayrani A, Lischer K, Alhazmi A et al (2021) Potential hepatoprotective effects of flavonoids contained in propolis from South Sulawesi against chemotherapy agents. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021
Sadat-Hoseini SK, DabidiRoshan V (2017) The intractive effects of two forced and voluntary exercise training method and nanocurcumin supplement on doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in aging induced by D-galactose. Tehran Univ Med J 74(11):807–816
Safayhi H, Mack T, Sabieraj J, Anazodo MI, Subramanian LR, Ammon HP (1992) Boswellic acids: novel, specific, nonredox inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 261(3):1143–1146
Sak K (2012) Chemotherapy and dietary phytochemical agents. Chemother Res Pract. 2012:282570
Sakr SA, Mahran HA, Lamfon HA (2007) Protective effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on adriamycin - induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. J Med Plants Res 5:133–140
Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen AM (2015) Gingerols and shogaols: important nutraceutical principles from ginger. Phytochemistry 117:554–568
Shah KA, Patel MB, Patel RJ, Parmar PK (2010) Mangifera indica (mango). Pharmacogn Rev 4(7):42–48
Shivakumar P, Rani MU, Reddy AG, Anjaneyulu Y (2012) A study on the toxic effects of doxorubicin on the histology of certain organs. Toxicol Int 19(3):241–244
Silva FV, Guimarães AG, Silva ER, Sousa-Neto BP, Machado FD, Quintans-Júnior LJ et al (2012) Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activities of carvacrol, a monoterpene present in the essential oil of oregano. J Med Food 15(11):984–991
Somparn N, Kukongviriyapan V, Kukongviriyapan U, Senggunprai L, Prawan A (2015) Protective effects of tetrahydrocurcumin and curcumin against doxorubicin and cadmium-induced cytotoxicity in Chang liver cells. Trop J Pharm Res 14(5):769–776
Song S, Chu L, Liang H, Chen J, Liang J, Huang Z et al (2019) Protective effects of dioscin against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity via regulation of Sirt1/FOXO1/NF-κb signal. Front Pharmacol 10:1030
Superfin D, Iannucci AA, Davies AM (2007) Commentary: oncologic drugs in patients with organ dysfunction: a summary. Oncologist 12(9):1070
Thorn CF, Oshiro C, Marsh S, Hernandez-Boussard T, McLeod H, Klein TE et al (2011) Doxorubicin pathways: pharmacodynamics and adverse effects. Pharmacogenet Genomics 21(7):440–446
Tsai ML, Lin CC, Lin WC, Yang CH (2011) Antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils from five selected herbs. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 75(10):1977–1983
Twelves CJ, Dobbs NA, Gillies HC, James CA, Rubens RD, Harper PG (1998) Doxorubicin pharmacokinetics: the effect of abnormal liver biochemistry tests. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 42(3):229–234
Visioli F, Artaria C (2017) Astaxanthin in cardiovascular health and disease: mechanisms of action, therapeutic merits, and knowledges. Food Funct 8(1):39–63
Walker JR, Sharma A, Lytwyn M, Bohonis S, Thliveris J, Singal PK et al (2011) The cardioprotective role of probucol against anthracycline and trastuzumab-mediated cardiotoxicity. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24(6):699–705
Wali AF, Rashid S, Rashid SM, Ansari MA, Khan MR, Haq N et al (2020) Naringenin regulates doxorubicin-induced liver dysfunction: Impact on oxidative stress and inflammation. Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 9(4)
Wang G, Zhang J, Liu L, Sharma S, Dong Q (2012) Quercetin potentiates doxorubicin mediated antitumor effects against liver cancer through p53/Bcl-xl. PLoS ONE 7(12):e51764
Wang Y, Liu Y, Du X, Ma H, Yao J (2020) The anti-cancer mechanisms of berberine: a review. Cancer Manag Res 12:695–702
Wei LS, Wee W (2013) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon nardus citronella essential oil against systemic bacteria of aquatic animals. Iran J Microbiol 5(2):147–152
Yenny, Girsang E, Nasution AN, Lister INE, Eds (2020) Comparison hepatoprotective effect of virgin coconut oil and Curcuma longa Linn against doxorubicin induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rat. 2020 3rd International Conference on Mechanical, Electronics, Computer, and Industrial Technology (MECnIT); pp 25–27, June 2020
Zhang Y, Jia J, Ding Y, Ma Y, Shang P, Liu T et al (2016) Alpha-boswellic acid protects against ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats: involvement of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 68(4):514–522
Zhao X, Zhang J, Tong N, Chen Y, Luo Y (2012) Protective effects of berberine on doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 35(5):796–800
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Faezeh Mahmoudi searched the databases and wrote the manuscript. Sepideh Elyasi defined the manuscript’s subject and edited the manuscript. Omid Arasteh searched the databases and edited the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
All authors approved manuscript in present format for publication.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Mahmoudi, F., Arasteh, O. & Elyasi, S. Preventive and therapeutic use of herbal compounds against doxorubicin induced hepatotoxicity: a comprehensive review. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 396, 1595–1617 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02429-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02429-1