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Developmental neurotoxicity of persistent organic pollutants: an update on childhood outcome

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Abstract

Organohalogens are persistent organic pollutants that have a wide range of chemical application. There is growing evidence that several of these chemical compounds interfere with human development in various ways. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the relationship between various persistent organic pollutants and childhood neurodevelopmental outcome from studies from the past 10 years. This review focuses on exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and in addition on exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A, and perfluorinated compounds and their associations with neurodevelopmental outcome in childhood, up to 18 years of age. This review shows that exposure to environmental chemicals affects neurodevelopmental outcome in children. Regarding exposure to PCBs and OH-PCBs, most studies report no or inverse associations with neurodevelopmental outcomes. Regarding exposure to PBDEs, lower mental development, psychomotor development and IQ were found at preschool age, and poorer attention at school age. Regarding exposure to DDE, most studies reported inverse associations with outcome, while others found no associations. Significant relations were particularly found at early infancy on psychomotor development, on attention and ADHD, whereas at school age, no adverse relationships were described. Additionally, several studies report gender-related vulnerability. Future research should focus on the long-term effects of prenatal and childhood exposure to these environmental chemicals, on sex-specific and combined exposure effects of environmental chemicals, and on possible mechanisms by which these chemicals have their effects on neurodevelopmental and behavioral outcomes.

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Abbreviations

ADHD:

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

ASD:

Autism spectrum disorder

AVLT:

Auditory Verbal Learning Test

BASC:

Behavior Assessment System for Children

BPA:

Bisphenol A

BSID:

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

CADS:

Conners’ ADHD/DSM-IV Scales

CBCL:

Child Behavior Checklist

CDI:

Communicative Development Indices

CNS:

Central nervous system

CPT:

Continuous Performance Test

CRS-T:

Conners’ Rating Scale for Teachers

DBD:

Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale

DCD-Q:

Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire

DDE:

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene

DDT:

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

IQ:

Intelligence quotient

IQR:

Inter-quartile range

ITSEA:

Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment

MDI:

Mental Developmental Index

NBAS:

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

NEPSY:

Neuropsychological Assessment

OH-PBC:

Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl

PBDE:

Polybrominated diphenyl ether

PCB:

Polychlorinated biphenyl

PDI:

Psychomotor Developmental Index

PFC:

Perfluorinated compound

PFOA:

Perfluorooctanoic acid

PFOS:

Perfluorooctane sulfonate

POP:

Persistent organic pollutant

TEACh:

Test of Everyday Attention for Children

TEQ:

Toxic Equivalency Quotient

WISC:

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

WPPSI:

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the Junior Scientific Master Class of the Research School for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, for their financial support.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Sietske A. Berghuis, Arend F. Bos, Pieter J. J. Sauer & Elise Roze

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University of Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Elise Roze

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  1. Sietske A. Berghuis
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  2. Arend F. Bos
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Correspondence to Sietske A. Berghuis.

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Berghuis, S.A., Bos, A.F., Sauer, P.J.J. et al. Developmental neurotoxicity of persistent organic pollutants: an update on childhood outcome. Arch Toxicol 89, 687–709 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1463-3

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