Abstract
Summary
We found the risk of hip fracture was transiently elevated around twofold shortly after initiation of a loop or thiazide diuretic drug in a case-crossover and case–control study. No statistical association was found following the initiation of a comparator medication: ACE inhibitors. Awareness of these short-term risks may reduce hip fractures.
Introduction
Little is known about the acute effects of initiating a diuretic drug on risk of fracture. We evaluated the relationship between initiating a diuretic drug and the occurrence of hip fracture.
Methods
The study sample included 2,118,793 persons aged ≥50 years enrolled in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) between 1986 and 2010. The effect of a new start of a diuretic drug or comparator medication (ACE inhibitor) on risk of hip fracture was assessed using a case-crossover and case–control study during the 1–7, 8–14, 15–21, and 22–28 days following drug initiation.
Results
Included were 28,703 individuals with an incident hip fracture over a mean of 7.9 years follow-up. In the case-crossover study, the risk of experiencing a hip fracture was increased during the first 7 days following loop diuretic drug initiation (OR = 1.8; 95 % CI, 1.2, 2.7). The elevated risk did not continue during the 8–14, 15–21, or 22–28 days following drug initiation. For thiazide diuretics, the risk of hip fracture was elevated 8–14 days after drug initiation (OR = 2.2; 95 % CI, 1.2, 3.9). No such association was observed in the 1–7, 15–21, or 22–28 days following thiazide drug initiation. ACE inhibitor initiation was not associated with a statistically significant increased risk of hip fracture. Similar results were observed using a case–control study.
Conclusions
The risk of hip fracture was transiently elevated around twofold shortly after the new start of a loop or thiazide diuretic drug. Awareness of these short-term risks may reduce hip fractures and other injurious falls in vulnerable adults.
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Acknowledgements and funding
This work was supported by a grant from the NIA (K23 AG033204), NIAMS (P60AR047785), Boston University School of Medicine, and the Men's Associates of Hebrew SeniorLife.
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Appendix 1
Appendix 1
Read codes used to identify hip fracture are listed below. We considered a hip fracture using any procedural or diagnostic code as listed below.
7K1L400, 7K1L500, S30..00, S30..11, S300.00, S300000, S300100, S300200, S300300, S300311, S300400, S300500, S300600, S300700, S300800, S300900, S300A00, S300y00, S300y11, S300z00, S301.00, S301000, S301100, S301200, S301300, S301311, S301400, S301500, S301600, S301700, S301800, S301900, S301A00, S301y00, S301y11, S301z00, S302.00, S302000, S302011, S302012, S302100, S302200, S302300, S302400, S302z00, S303.00, S303000, S303011, S303012, S303100, S303200, S303300, S303400, S303z00, S304.00, S30w.00, S30x.00, S30y.00, S30y.11, S30z.00
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Berry, S.D., Zhu, Y., Choi, H. et al. Diuretic initiation and the acute risk of hip fracture. Osteoporos Int 24, 689–695 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-2053-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-2053-3