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The influence of NbB inoculation on dendritic spacing and grain size of an aluminum 2017 alloy at different cooling rates

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Abstract

The Al-4Cu-Mg 2017 alloy is a significant Al extrusion alloy. As a result, knowing its behavior in terms of grain refining during casting stages becomes critical for the next processing steps. In the face of the shortcomings exhibited by TiB inoculants, the addition of NbB could be tested for this alloy as an alternative. The present article investigates the effects of NbB addition on grain size (GS), on secondary dendrite arm spacing (λ2), and on hardness of centrifugally cast (CC) and directionally solidified (DS) 2017 alloy samples, encompassing a broad range of cooling rates and solidification conditions. The λ2 did not change much as a result of the NbB inoculation, either for DS or CC samples, decreasing from 7.2 to 7.0 μm in the case of the 4-mm-thick CC samples and increasing from 17.0 to 22.5 μm in the case of the DS samples. The average GS, on the other hand, reduced from 293 to 136 μm for the NbB-containing CC samples and from 756 to 313 μm for the DS samples associated with cooling rates of 10 K/s. Both processes can achieve nearly the same GS reduction ratio, namely 2.2 for the CC and 2.5 for the DS. This implies that GS reduction ratio was barely affected if similar cooling rates were compared while taking the experimental range for both processes into account. Moreover, Vickers hardness results revealed that GS had little influence on this property for both alloys studied. The experimentally obtained data translated a variety of solidification condition outlines for the 2017 alloy. Through this data, the understanding of an alternative inoculant in a significant Al alloy series advanced significantly.

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Funding

The authors acknowledge FAPESP (grants 2019/23673–7 and 2020/02697–2) and CNPq. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior–Brasil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil

    Argos Soares Silva & José Eduardo Spinelli

  2. Federal University of São Carlos, Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil

    Sarah Maria de Albuquerque Sousa, Guilherme Lisboa de Gouveia & José Eduardo Spinelli

  3. Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-860, Brazil

    Amauri Garcia

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  1. Argos Soares Silva
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  2. Sarah Maria de Albuquerque Sousa
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Contributions

J.E.S. elaborated the study conception and design. A.S.S., S.M.A.S., and G.L.G. prepared the materials, collected the data, and analyzed the results. J.E.S. and S.M.A.S. elaborated the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. J.E.S and A.G. verified the data analyses and reviewed and edited the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to José Eduardo Spinelli.

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Silva, A.S., de Albuquerque Sousa, S.M., de Gouveia, G.L. et al. The influence of NbB inoculation on dendritic spacing and grain size of an aluminum 2017 alloy at different cooling rates. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 125, 5681–5696 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11104-x

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