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Effect of bidirectional and switchback deposition strategies on microstructure and mechanical properties of wire arc additive manufactured Inconel 625

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Abstract

The switchback deposition strategy is a unique approach where the torch is moving cyclically forward and backward for preventing the unidirectional grain growth in wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Experiments were conducted for comparing the walls deposited in bidirectional and switchback strategies. The travel speed, inert gas flow rate, and number of deposited layers were kept constant for both the conditions. The grain growth behavior was identified from the bottom to top and welding direction. Finally, samples were extracted from the walls for mechanical property analysis and microstructural studies. Switchback mode produces ~ 70% γ′-phase whereas the bidirectional mode has ~ 77% γ′-phase in the matrix. Inconel 625 sample deposited using switchback technique revealed ~ 10-µm lesser primary dendritic spacing in the middle region and the standard deviation of overall structure is ~ 5 µm less compared with bidirectional deposition resulting in relatively higher average hardness. The switchback mode also results in ~ 2 µm lesser average secondary dendrite size among both the deposition strategies. The switchback deposition mode displayed a higher average yield strength (σy) (~ 440 MPa) than the bidirectional mode (~ 390 MPa) and approximately identical ultimate tensile strength (σu) with a 20-MPa variation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Director, CSIR-CMERI for his guidance, opportunity, and facilities to carry out this research activity.

Funding

The authors disclosed receipt the following financial support for the research support and infrastructure: The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CMERI) (OLP231912) for the research support and Department of Science and Technology-Science and Engineering Research Board (DST-SERB) (ECR/2018/001250) for the infrastructure.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CAMM, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, West Bengal, Durgapur, 713209, India

    Manivannan Raja, Yoshit Tiwari, Manidipto Mukherjee & Avik Chatterjee

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

    Manivannan Raja, Yoshit Tiwari, Manidipto Mukherjee & Avik Chatterjee

  3. National Institute of Technology, West Bengal, Durgapur, 713209, India

    Barnali Maji

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  1. Manivannan Raja
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  2. Yoshit Tiwari
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  3. Manidipto Mukherjee
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  4. Barnali Maji
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  5. Avik Chatterjee
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Contributions

M.R., Y.T., B.M., and M.M. performed the measurements; M.M. and A.C. were involved in planning and supervised the work; M.R. and M.M. processed the experimental data, performed the analysis, drafted the manuscript, and designed the figures; Y.T. and M.R. performed the calculations, manufactured the samples, and characterized them with scanning electron microscopy; B.M. performed the XRD characterization; and M.M. aided in interpreting the results and worked on the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Manidipto Mukherjee.

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Raja, M., Tiwari, Y., Mukherjee, M. et al. Effect of bidirectional and switchback deposition strategies on microstructure and mechanical properties of wire arc additive manufactured Inconel 625. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 119, 4845–4861 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-08687-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-08687-2

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