Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of end-clamping constraints on bending crashworthiness of square profiles

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The bending crashworthiness performance of thin-walled structures is affected by several factors such as the end-clamping constraints. The end-clamping configuration should be carefully investigated since it is an important part of the real working condition of a structure under bending loading. End-clamping fixtures (pads) can be used intentionally as complementary energy dissipating mechanisms to trigger new plastic deformation. The present article explores the use of pads to improve the crashworthiness of square tubes under lateral loads. For this purpose, internal, external, and combined pads were located at the profile ends which were subjected to a modified three-point bending test using finite element simulations. The effect of assembly force (fN) and pad length (lp) on the energy absorption was investigated. The structures were made of aluminum 6063-T5 and modeled with elasto-plastic properties considering ductile and shear damage criteria with evolution. Additionally, the numerical results were validated by an experimental three-point bending test on a square profile with constrained and free ends. Our results for a structure with end-clamping fixtures show an improvement of crashworthiness performance in a range from 42.38 – 57.89% relative to a structure with free-ends. The best crush force efficiency (CFE) of 0.78 was obtained when external pads were implemented. Moreover, the importance of fN on the end-clamping pads was noticed since CFE is increased by 9.30% when a normalized force of 0.109 is applied. The importance of pad length was also demonstrated. An improvement of 69.38% in CFE was achieved when a normalized length \( {\overline{L}}_p \)= 0.138 was implemented. Finally, with the findings of our work, a design of end-clamping fixtures for an automobile’s side-door impact beam is presented and analyzed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Information is presented at Section 2 and 3.

References

  1. Lai X, Ma C, Hu J, Zhou Q (2012) Impact direction effect on serious-to-fatal injuries among drivers in near-side collisions according to impact location: focus on thoracic injuries. Accid Anal Prev 48:442–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.02.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Marklund P, O, Nilsson L. (2001) Optimization of a car body component subjected to side impact. Struct Multidiscip Optim 21(5):383–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001580100117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ghadianlou A, Abdullah SB (2013) Crashworthiness design of vehicle side door beams under low-speed pole side impacts. Thin-Walled Struct 67:25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2013.02.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Tang T, Zhang W, Yin H, Wang H (2016) Crushing analysis of thin-walled beams with various section geometries under lateral impact. Thin-Walled Struct 102:43–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.01.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Song J, Xu S, Liu S, Huang H, Zou M (2020) Design and numerical study on bionic columns with grooves under lateral impact. Thin-Walled Struct 148:106546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.106546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Saad F, Yusuf ZNM, Latiff ZA, Ismail N (2019) Three point bending analysis on the side impact beam of a Perodua Kancil. In: Advanced Engineering for Processes and Technologies. Springer, Cham, pp 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05621-6_29

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Lim TS (2002) Mechanically fastened composite side-door impact beams for passenger cars designed for shear-out failure modes. Compos Struct 56(2):211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8223(02)00005-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Shin DK, Kim HC, Lee JJ (2014) Numerical analysis of the damage behavior of an aluminum/CFRP hybrid beam under three point bending. Compos Part B 56:397–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Wang Z, Li Z, Zhang X (2016) Bending resistance of thin-walled multi-cell square tubes. Thin-Walled Struct 107:287–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.06.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Huang Z, Zhang X, Zhang H (2018) Energy absorption and optimization design of multi-cell tubes subjected to lateral indentation. Thin-Walled Struct 131:179–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.06.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Santosa S, Wierzbicki T (1999) Effect of an ultralight metal filler on the bending collapse behavior of thin-walled prismatic columns. Int J Mech Sci 41(8):995–1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7403(98)00066-6

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Shojaeifard MH, Zarei HR, Talebitooti R, Mehdikhanlo M (2012) Bending behavior of empty and foam-filled aluminum tubes with different cross-sections. Acta Mech Solida Sin 25(6):616–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0894-9166(12)60057-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhang X, Zhang H (2018) Static and dynamic bending collapse of thin-walled square beams with tube filler. Int J Impact Eng 112:165–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.11.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Mamalis AG, Manolakos DE, Baldoukas AK, Viegelahn GL (1989) Deformation characteristics of crashworthy thin-walled steel tubes subjected to bending. Proc Inst Mech Eng C Mech Eng Sci 203(6):411–417. https://doi.org/10.1243/PIME_PROC_1989_203_135_02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Miller WS, Zhuang L, Bottema J, Wittebrood A, De Smet P, Haszler A, Vieregge AJMS (2000) Recent development in aluminium alloys for the automotive industry. Mater Sci Eng A 280(1):37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00653-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. ASTM INT (2004) ASTM E8/E8M - standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials. ASTM Int (1):1–27

  17. Hibbitt K (2010) Abaqus Analysis User’s Manual, Version 6.10. Sorensen, Inc., Boston, USA

    Google Scholar 

  18. Baykasoglu C, Cetin MT (2015) Energy absorption of circular aluminium tubes with functionally graded thickness under axial impact loading. Int J Crashworthiness 20(1):95–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2014.982269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Hooputra H, Gese H, Dell H, Werner H (2004) A comprehensive failure model for crashworthiness simulation of aluminium extrusions. Int J Crashworthiness 9(5):449–464. https://doi.org/10.1533/ijcr.2004.0289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Barsoum I, Khan F, Molki A, Seibi A (2014) Modeling of ductile crack propagation in expanded thin-walled 6063-T5 aluminum tubes. Int J Mech Sci 80:160–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2014.01.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhu H, Qin C, Wang JQ, Qi FJ (2011) Characterization and simulation of mechanical behavior of 6063 aluminum alloy thin-walled tubes. In: Advanced Materials Research, vol 197-198. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, pp 1500–1508. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.197-198.1500

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  22. Zhang X, Zhang H, Wang Z (2016) Bending collapse of square tubes with variable thickness. Int J Mech Sci 106:107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2015.12.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Safiuddeen T, Balaji P, Dinesh S, ShabeerHussain BM, Giridharan MR (2020) Comparative design and analysis of roll cage for automobiles. Mater Today Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.489

  24. Niknejad A, Elahi SM, Elahi SA, Elahi SA (2013) Theoretical and experimental study on the flattening deformation of the rectangular brazen and aluminum columns. Arch Civ Mech Eng 13:449–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2013.04.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Pintaude G, Hoechele AR, Cipriano GL (2012) Relation between strain hardening exponent of metals and residual profiles of deep spherical indentation. Mater Sci Technol 28(9-10):1051–1054. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284711Y.0000000107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Gupta NK, Sekhon GS, Gupta PK (2001) A study of lateral collapse of square and rectangular metallic tubes. Thin-Walled Struct 39(9):745–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8231(01)00033-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Long CR, Yuen STEEVE, Nurick GN (2019) Analysis of a car door subjected to side pole impact. Lat Am J Solids Struct 16(8). https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78255753

  28. Euro NCAP-2020, https://www.euroncap.com/en/vehicle-safety/the-ratings-explained/adult-occupant-protection/lateral-impact/side-pole/. Accessed 28 January 2021

  29. Center for Collision Safety and Analysis – 2010 Toyota Yaris. https://www.ccsa.gmu.edu/models/2010-toyota-yaris/. Accessed 6 March de 2021

Download references

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez (UACJ), Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México

    Quirino Estrada

  2. Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (TecNM/Cenidet), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México

    Julio Vergara-Vázquez & Dariusz Szwedowicz

  3. Deparment of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Alejandro Rodriguez-Mendez

  4. Instituto Tecnológico de Tlalnepantla TecNM/ITTLA, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, México

    Oscar A. Gómez-Vargas

  5. Tecnológico Nacional de México, campus Ciudad Guzmán, Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, México

    Gonzalo Partida-Ochoa

  6. Escuela Superior de Ciudad Sahagún-Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Hidalgo, México

    Martin Ortiz-Domínguez

Authors
  1. Quirino Estrada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Julio Vergara-Vázquez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dariusz Szwedowicz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Alejandro Rodriguez-Mendez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Oscar A. Gómez-Vargas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Gonzalo Partida-Ochoa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Martin Ortiz-Domínguez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization, formal analysis, and article writing by Quirino Estrada. Numerical simulations and experiments by Julio Vergara-Vazquez. Analysis of numerical simulations by Dariusz Szwedowicz, and review and editing paper by Alejandro Rodriguez-Mendez and Oscar A. Gomez-Vargas. Methodology by Gonzalo Partida-Ochoa. Discussion of results and methodology by Martín Ortiz-Dominguez.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Quirino Estrada.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

The authors give permission for the publishing of this article.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Estrada, Q., Vergara-Vázquez, J., Szwedowicz, D. et al. Effect of end-clamping constraints on bending crashworthiness of square profiles. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 116, 3115–3134 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07678-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07678-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation