Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Microstructural evaluation of WC and steel dissimilar bilayered composite obtained by spark plasma sintering

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a powerful technique for consolidating metal powders at a remarkably shorter time with excellent quality. We used this technique for sintering nanocrystalline WC10Co powders and simultaneously bonding with high-strength steel. A series of experiments were conducted in order to find out the optimised set of SPS controlling parameters. The effects of temperatures (1000 to 1150 °C, with a 50 °C interval) in sintering nanocrystalline WC10Co powders and their bonding phenomena with AISI4340 steel were examined at a constant pressure of 80 MPa and a holding time of 5 min. The full density of the carbide powders was achieved at a lower temperature compared with that of conventional techniques. A number of techniques were employed to evaluate the microstructural characteristics of WC and steel bilayered composite and their mechanical properties. For determining the bonding strength of the joint, a novel micro-tensile testing system was adopted. Since such investigation is the first of its kind, to the best knowledge of the authors, where SPS is used to join the tungsten carbide with the steel, this research is expected to provide a valuable future reference for fabricating dissimilar bilayered composite materials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Eriksson M, Radwan M, Shen Z (2013) Spark plasma sintering of WC, cemented carbide and functional graded materials. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 36:31–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Cha SI, Hong SH, Kim BK (2003) Spark plasma sintering behavior of nanocrystalline WC–10Co cemented carbide powders. Mater Sci Eng A 351(1–2):31–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Sivaprahasam D, Chandrasekar S, Sundaresan R (2007) Microstructure and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline WC–12Co consolidated by spark plasma sintering. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 25(2):144–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Huang S et al (2008) Tailored sintering of VC-doped WC–Co cemented carbides by pulsed electric current sintering. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 26(3):256–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Liu X, Song X, Zhang J, Zhao S (2008) Temperature distribution and neck formation of WC–Co combined particles during spark plasma sintering. Mater Sci Eng A 488(1):1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Liu W, Song X, Zhang J, Yin F, Zhang G (2008) A novel route to prepare ultrafine-grained WC–Co cemented carbides. J Alloys Compd 458(1):366–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Hasan M, Zhao J, Jiang Z (2017) A review of modern advancements in micro drilling techniques. J Manuf Process 29:343–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hasan M, Zhao J, Jia F, Wu H, Ahmad F, Huang Z, Wei D, Ma L, Jiang Z (2020) Optimisation of sintering parameters for bonding nanocrystalline cemented tungsten carbide powder and solid high strength steel. Composite Interfaces 8:1–6

  9. Hasan M, Zhao J, Jiang Z (2019) Micromanufacturing of composite materials: a review. International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 1(1):012004

  10. Zafar S, Sharma AK (2014) Development and characterisations of WC–12Co microwave clad. Mater Charact 96:241–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Feng K, Chen H, Xiong J, Guo Z (2013) Investigation on diffusion bonding of functionally graded WC–Co/Ni composite and stainless steel. Mater Des 46:622–626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Thomazic A, Pascal C, Chaix JM. Fabrication of (cemented carbides/steel) bilayered materials by powder metallurgy. In Materials Science Forum 2010 (Vol. 631, pp. 239–244). Trans Tech Publications Ltd

  13. Pascal C et al (2009) Design of multimaterial processed by powder metallurgy: processing of a (steel/cemented carbides) bilayer material. Int J Mater Prod Technol 209(3):1254–1261

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Lee W-B, Kwon B-D, Jung S-B (2006) Effects of Cr3C2 on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the brazed joints between WC–Co and carbon steel. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 24(3):215–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Bao J, Newkirk JW, Bao S (2004) Wear-resistant WC composite hard coatings by brazing. J Mater Eng Perform 13(4):385–388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhang XZ, Liu GW, Tao JN, Shao HC, Fu H, Pan TZ, Qiao GJ (2017) Vacuum brazing of WC-8Co cemented carbides to carbon steel using pure Cu and Ag-28Cu as filler metal. J Mater Eng Perform 26(2):488–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Giménez S, Huang SG, van der Biest O, Vleugels J (2007) Chemical reactivity of PVD-coated WC–Co tools with steel. Appl Surf Sci 253(7):3547–3556

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhong Z, Hinoki T, Nozawa T, Park YH, Kohyama A (2010) Microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion bonded joints between tungsten and F82H steel using a titanium interlayer. J Alloys Compd 489(2):545–551

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Barrena M, De Salazar JG, Matesanz L (2010) Interfacial microstructure and mechanical strength of WC–Co/90MnCrV8 cold work tool steel diffusion bonded joint with cu/Ni electroplated interlayer. Mater Des 31(7):3389–3394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Haghshenas MS, Parvin N, Amirnasiri A (2018) Effect of bonding temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of WC–Co/steel diffusion brazed joint. Trans Indian Inst Metals 71(3):649–658

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Nascimento MP, Souza RC, Miguel IM, Pigatin WL, Voorwald HJC (2001) Effects of tungsten carbide thermal spray coating by HP/HVOF and hard chromium electroplating on AISI 4340 high strength steel. Surf Coat Technol 138(2–3):113–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Monticelli C, Frignani A, Zucchi F (2004) Investigation on the corrosion process of carbon steel coated by HVOF WC/Co cermets in neutral solution. Corros Sci 46(5):1225–1237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Singh H, Goyal K, Goyal DK (2017) Experimental investigations on slurry erosion behaviour of HVOF and HVOLF sprayed coatings on hydraulic turbine steel. Trans Indian Inst Metals 70(6):1585–1592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Maiti AK, Mukhopadhyay N, Raman R (2009) Improving the wear behavior of WC-CoCr-based HVOF coating by surface grinding. J Mater Eng Perform 18(8):1060–1066

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Toparli M, Sen F, Culha O, Celik E (2007) Thermal stress analysis of HVOF sprayed WC–Co/NiAl multilayer coatings on stainless steel substrate using finite element methods. J Mater Process Technol 190(1–3):26–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Hasan M, Zhao J, Huang Z, Wu H, Jia F, Jiang Z (2019) Effects of holding time on the sintering of cemented tungsten carbide powder and bonding with high-strength steel wire. J Mater Eng Perform 28(7):4074–4085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Hasan M, Zhao J, Huang Z, Wei D, Jiang Z (2019) Analysis and characterisation of WC-10Co and AISI 4340 steel bimetal composite produced by powder–solid diffusion bonding. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 103(9):3247–3263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Luo L et al (2015) An experimental and numerical study of micro deep drawing of SUS304 circular cups. Manuf Rev 2(27):1–7

    Google Scholar 

  29. Asano H, Bando Y, Nakanishi N, Kachi S (1967) Order-disorder transformation of Fe–Co alloys in fine particles. Trans Jpn Inst Metals 8(3):180–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Persson K (2016) Materials Data on Fe3Co (SG:123) by Materials Project. LBNL Materials Project; Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States): United States

  31. McCammon C, Ringwood A, Jackson I (1983) Thermodynamics of the system Fe—FeO—MgO at high pressure and temperature and a model for formation of the Earth's core. Geophys J Int 72(3):577–595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Hasan M, Zhao J, Huang Z, Chang L, Zhou H, Jiang Z (2018) Analysis of sintering and bonding of ultrafine WC powder and stainless steel by hot compaction diffusion bonding. Fusion Eng Des 133:39–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Collins GS, Meeves BH (1993) Formation of FeCo by mechanical alloying. Scripta metallurgica et materialia 29(10)

  34. Suetin DV, Shein IR, Ivanovskii AL (2009) Structural, electronic and magnetic properties of η carbides (Fe3W3C, Fe6W6C, Co3W3C and Co6W6C) from first principles calculations. Phys B Condens Matter 404(20):3544–3549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Machado IF, Girardini L, Lonardelli I, Molinari A (2009) The study of ternary carbides formation during SPS consolidation process in the WC–Co–steel system. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 27(5):883–891

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Guilemany JM, de Paco JM, Miguel JR, Nutting J (1999) Characterization of the W2C phase formed during the high velocity oxygen fuel spraying of a WC + 12 pct Co powder. Metall Mater Trans A 30(8):1913–1921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Telmenbayar L, Temuujin J (2016) Preparation of tungsten carbide from mixtures of natural wolframite and carbon-containing solid fuels with assistance of mechanical activation. J Ceram Process Res 17(5):489–493

    Google Scholar 

  38. Fang ZZ, Wang X, Ryu T, Hwang KS, Sohn HY (2009) Synthesis, sintering, and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline cemented tungsten carbide–a review. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 27(2):288–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Goren-Muginstein G, Berger S, Rosen A (1998) Sintering study of nanocrystalline tungsten carbide powders. Nanostruct Mater 10(5):795–804

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the use of facilities within the UOW Electron Microscopy Centre.

Funding

The authors would like to thank the Australian Research Council (ARC) for its financial support for the study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, 243002, China

    Mahadi Hasan & Zhenyi Huang

  2. Department of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh

    Mahadi Hasan

  3. School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia

    Mahadi Hasan, Jingwei Zhao, Al Jumlat, Fanghui Jia, Hui Wu & Zhengyi Jiang

  4. College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China

    Jingwei Zhao

Authors
  1. Mahadi Hasan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhenyi Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jingwei Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Al Jumlat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Fanghui Jia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Hui Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Zhengyi Jiang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhengyi Jiang.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hasan, M., Huang, Z., Zhao, J. et al. Microstructural evaluation of WC and steel dissimilar bilayered composite obtained by spark plasma sintering. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 111, 2405–2418 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06210-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06210-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation