References
Krag M, Perner A, Wetterslev J et al (2015) Prevalence and outcome of gastrointestinal bleeding and use of acid suppressants in acutely ill adult intensive care patients. Intensive Care Med 41:833–845
Ye Z, Reintam Blaser A, Lytvyn L et al (2020) Gastrointestinal bleeding prophylaxis for critically ill patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ 368:16722
Plummer MP, Blaser AR, Deane AM (2014) Stress ulceration: prevalence, pathology and association with adverse outcomes. Crit Care 18:213
Eddleston JM, Pearson RC, Holland J et al (1994) Prospective endoscopic study of stress erosions and ulcers in critically ill adult patients treated with either sucralfate or placebo. Crit Care Med 22:1949–1954
Krag M, Marker S, Perner A et al (2018) Pantoprazole in patients at risk for gastrointestinal bleeding in the ICU. N Engl J Med 379:2199–2208
Cook D, Heyland D, Griffith L et al (1999) Risk factors for clinically important upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Crit Care Med 27:2812–7
Cook DJ, Fuller HD, Guyatt GH et al (1994) Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 330:377–81
Granholm A, Krag M, Marker S et al (2021) Predictors of gastrointestinal bleeding in adult ICU patients in the SUP-ICU trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 65:792–800
Granholm A, Zeng L, Dionne JC et al (2019) Predictors of gastrointestinal bleeding in adult ICU patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 45:1347–59
Krag M, Perner A, Wetterslev J et al (2015) Stress ulcer prophylaxis in the intensive care unit: an international survey of 97 units in 11 countries. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 59:576–585
Barbateskovic M, Marker S, Granholm A et al (2019) Stress ulcer prophylaxis with proton pump inhibitors or histamin-2 receptor antagonists in adult intensive care patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med 45:143–58
Wang Y, Ge L, Ye Z et al (2020) Efficacy and safety of gastrointestinal bleeding prophylaxis in critically ill patients: an updated systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Intensive Care Med 46:1987–2000
Young PJ, Bagshaw SM, Forbes AB et al (2020) Effect of stress ulcer prophylaxis with proton pump inhibitors vs histamine-2 receptor blockers on in-hospital mortality among ICU patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation: The PEPTIC Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 323:616–626
Brown JP, Tazare JR, Williamson E et al (2021) Proton pump inhibitors and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 87:3150–3161
Halling CMB, Møller MH, Marker S et al (2022) The effects of pantoprazole vs. placebo on 1-year outcomes, resource use and employment status in ICU patients at risk for gastrointestinal bleeding: a secondary analysis of the SUP-ICU trial. Intensive Care Med 48:426–34
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
MHM and MK sponsored and coordinated the SUP-ICU trial (NCT02467621). WA was the primary investigator of the REVISE Pilot trial (NCT02290327) and a co-investigator on the REVISE Trial (NCT03374800).
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Krag, M., Alhazzani, W. & Møller, M.H. Prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in critical illness. Intensive Care Med 49, 334–336 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-022-06959-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-022-06959-9