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Breaking up the temporal link between granitic magmatism and iron oxide-copper–gold (IOCG) deposits in the Carajás Mineral Province, NW Brazil

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Abstract

Iron oxide-copper–gold (IOCG) deposit genesis is often genetically linked to magmatism due to temporal association between granite and mineralization and participation of magma-derived components. In the Carajás Mineral Province, NW Brazil, a set of ca. 2.6–2.5 Ga IOCG deposits has been interpreted to be genetically linked to contemporary granite, which are located along the Cinzento Shear Zone, in the northern part of the province. Despite the apparent temporal correlation, the understanding of ca. 2.5 Ga ages as magmatic may be misleading, since ca. 2.6–2.5 Ga reset ages have been previously reported for deformed and hydrothermally altered granites crystallized at ca. 2.74 Ga. We studied the morphology, texture, and composition of 2.74–2.73 Ga, 2.68 Ga, 2.64–2.62 Ga, and 2.59–2.55 Ga zircons from variably deformed and metasomatized granites located along the Cinzento Shear Zone. Our study reveals re-equilibrated magmatic, deformed, and newly grown zircon domains with compositional changes (Ta, U, Y, and LREE enrichment relative to chondrite) that inconsistently follow textural patterns. The overprint arises from diffusion–reaction, coupled-dissolution-reprecipitation processes, and alteration of metamict zircons, likely aided by alkaline (Na–K-rich) and F-Cl-rich hydrothermal fluids that circulated regionally in the Carajás Province. Such processes account for disturbances and resetting of the U-Th-Pb isotopic system in zircon; therefore, the geochronological record in granites from our study can be associated with the first (ca. 2.72–2.68 Ga) and the second (ca. 2.6–2.5 Ga) IOCG-forming hydrothermal events rather than to igneous crystallization. In this context, we rule out a temporal link between granitic magmatism and the IOCG deposits at Carajás.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge VALE’s Exploration Team in Carajás (especially Fernando de Paula and Saney Freitas) for field support and access to exploration data. We are very grateful to Profs. Maria José Mesquita, Marco Delinardo da Silva, and Elton Dantas for comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. Drs. Steffen Hagemann, Max Verdugo Ihl, Mike Tedeschi, and Chris Fisher are thanked for reviews that helped to greatly improve the quality of the final paper. We also gratefully acknowledge the editorial handling of Dr. Georges Beaudoin.

Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior–Brasil (CAPES)–Finance Code 001 and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)–Grant 429689/2018–7.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Geosciences, University of Campinas, R. Carlos Gomes 250, Campinas, SP, 13083-855, Brazil

    Poliana Iara de Freitas Toledo, Carolina Penteado Natividade Moreto, Roberto Perez Xavier & Margareth Sugano Navarro

  2. Department of Geology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, R. das Engenharias, S/N, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil

    Poliana Iara de Freitas Toledo

  3. Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, R. Do Lago 562, São Paulo, SP, 05508-080, Brazil

    Lena Virgínia Soares Monteiro

  4. Department of Geology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Morro Do Cruzeiro S/N, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil

    Gustavo Henrique Coelho de Melo & Cristiano de Carvalho Lana

  5. Vale S/A, Av. Getúlio Vargas 671/13, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30112-020, Brazil

    Fernando Martins Vieira Matos, Juliana Araújo Carvalho & Carlos Augusto Medeiros Filho

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  1. Poliana Iara de Freitas Toledo
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  2. Carolina Penteado Natividade Moreto
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Contributions

This article presents the results of the first author’s PhD research, Poliana Iara de Freitas Toledo, who contributed with the conceptualization, material preparation, data collection, analysis, investigation, and writing (original draft preparation). Carolina Penteado Natividade Moreto helped with conceptualization, supervision, writing (review and editing), and funding acquisition. Lena Virgínia Soares Monteiro participated in conceptualization and writing (review and editing). Gustavo Henrique Coelho de Melo contributed with conceptualization, funding acquisition, data collection, and analysis. Fernando M.V. Matos cooperated with conceptualization and writing (review and editing). Roberto Perez Xavier helped with resources and investigation. Juliana A. Carvalho and Carlos A. Medeiros Filho contributed with data collection and analysis. Margareth Sugano Navarro and Cristiano Lana helped with LA-ICP-Ms analysis and methodology.

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Correspondence to Poliana Iara de Freitas Toledo.

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Toledo, P.I.d., Moreto, C.P.N., Monteiro, L.V.S. et al. Breaking up the temporal link between granitic magmatism and iron oxide-copper–gold (IOCG) deposits in the Carajás Mineral Province, NW Brazil. Miner Deposita 59, 601–625 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-023-01224-5

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