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Post-depositional tectonic modification of VMS deposits in Iberia and its economic significance

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Abstract

The original stratigraphic relationships and structure of VMS deposits are commonly obscured by deformation. This can also affect their economic significance, as shown by several Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB, SW Iberia) examples. The contrasting rheologic properties of the different lithologies present in an orebody (massive sulphide, feeder stockwork, alteration envelope, volcanic and sedimentary rocks) play a major role in determining its overall behaviour. Variscan thin-skinned tectonics led to stacking of the massive pyrite and stockwork bodies in duplex structures, resulting in local thickening and increased tonnage of minable mineralization. Furthermore, differential mechanical behaviour of the different sulphide minerals localised the detachments along relatively ductile sulphide-rich bands. The result was a geochemical and mineralogical reorganisation of most deposits, which now consist of barren, massive pyrite horses, bounded by base metal-rich ductile shear zones. Metal redistribution was enhanced by mobilisation of the base metal sulphides from the initially impoverished massive pyrite, through pressure-solution processes, to tensional fissures within the already ductile shear zones. In NW Iberia, VMS deposits were also strongly overprinted by the Variscan deformation during emplacement of the Cabo Ortegal and Órdenes allochthonous nappe complexes, but no stacking of the orebodies was produced. Original contacts were transposed, and the orebodies, their feeder zones and the country rock acquired pronounced laminar geometry. In lower-grade rocks (greenschist facies, Cabo Ortegal Complex), solution transfer mechanisms are common in pyrite, which remains in the brittle domain, while chalcopyrite shows ductile behaviour. In higher-grade rocks (amphibolite facies, Órdenes Complex), metamorphic recrystallisation overprints earlier deformation textures. The contrasting behaviour of the IPB and NW Iberian deposits is explained by key factors that affect their final geometry, composition and economics, such as pre-deformation structure, size and mineralogical composition of the orebody and associated lithologies, temperature, crustal level, deviatoric stress and availability of a fluid phase during deformation and the style and rate of deformation.

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Notes

  1. Details about the methods and software used can be obtained upon request from the third author. Interested readers are also referred to Laing (1977).

  2. More data and discussion of Geochronology in: Dallmeyer et al. 1997; Arenas et al. 2007; Castroviejo et al. 2006.

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Acknowledgements

This study has benefited from the authors work for the UE/Brite Euram Projects Innovative Geothermal Methodology to detect deep blind polymetallic orebodies (no. BE-8227-93, 1994/97, Contract BRE2-CT94-1027), and Development of a methodology for detecting deep metal ore deposits through physico-chemical analysis of fluids in shallow boreholes (no. BE96-3162, 1998/2000, contract BRPR-CT97-0374). Our co-workers in these projects are thankfully acknolewdged. L Sánchez, C León and H Romero (ETSI Minas, UPM), and Mª José Torres Matilla (IGME) helped draft some figures. Chemical analyses were provided by EN Adaro. Other laboratory work for this paper was carried out in the Laboratorio de Microscopía Aplicada y Análisis de Imagen (rla 207) of the Madrid School of Mines, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, with funding through the Laboratory Network of the Comunidad de Madrid (code UP0644) and through projects GR92-0135, UE95-0007, UE98-0027, and CGL2006-13688-C02-01. The thorough and insightful comments and suggestions from the reviewers, Ron Berry and Howard Poulsen, from the issue editor, Rodney Allen, and from the Editor-in-Chief of Miner Deposita, Patrick Williams, are sincerely acknowledged.

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  1. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-UPM, ETSI Minas, Ríos Rosas 21, 28003, Madrid, Spain

    Ricardo Castroviejo & Miguel Soler

  2. IGME, Ríos Rosas 23, 28003, Madrid, Spain

    Cecilio Quesada

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  1. Ricardo Castroviejo
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Castroviejo, R., Quesada, C. & Soler, M. Post-depositional tectonic modification of VMS deposits in Iberia and its economic significance. Miner Deposita 46, 615–637 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-010-0306-7

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