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Teambasierte Gemeindepsychiatrie

Bedeutung von Kontextfaktoren und Übertragbarkeit der Studienevidenz

Team-based community psychiatry

Importance of context factors and transferability of evidence from studies

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Zusammenfassung

In der S3-Leitlinie „Psychosoziale Therapien bei schweren psychischen Erkrankungen“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN) erfolgt eine Einschätzung der Übertragbarkeit von Studienergebnissen zu gemeindepsychiatrischen Versorgungsmodellen auf die Situation in Deutschland. Diese Beurteilung muss insbesondere auf die Forschung zu Wirkfaktoren zurückgreifen, da kaum Evidenz aus kontrollierten Studien vorliegt, in denen eine Umsetzung der meist in englischsprachigen Ländern erprobten und evaluierten Modelle in Deutschland untersucht wurde. In diesem Beitrag wird diskutiert, welche Wirk- und Kontextfaktoren die Übertragbarkeit von Studienergebnissen wichtiger gemeindebasierter Modelle psychosozialer Versorgung für Menschen mit schweren psychischen Erkrankungen beeinflussen. Als Grundlage werden die verschiedenen Varianten Team- und gemeindebasierter Versorgung (Case-Management, „assertive community treatment“, gemeindepsychiatrische Teams) herangezogen. Es zeigt sich, dass die Wirkstärken der Versorgungsmodelle stark von der jeweiligen Routineversorgung, gegen die verglichen wird, abhängen. Je mehr Elemente gemeindepsychiatrischer Versorgung diese enthält und je geringer der Druck zur Vermeidung stationärer Aufenthalte ist, desto geringer sind die Wirkstärken „innovativer“ Modelle. Dies bedeutet, dass bei komplexen psychosozialen Interventionen ohne Vorliegen hochwertiger landesspezifischer Evidenz immer eine Prüfung der Übertragbarkeit in andere Gesundheitssysteme erfolgen muss. Mittlerweile liefert die Wirksamkeitsforschung etliche solide Hinweise zu Kontextfaktoren, welche die Wirksamkeit beeinflussen. Die Manualtreue, Hausbesuche und die gemeinsame Verantwortung für die medizinisch-psychiatrische und die soziale Versorgung gehören für die Zielgruppe der schwer psychisch Erkrankten zu den wichtigen Wirkfaktoren. Viele andernorts bewährte, aber auch neue Modelle gemeindebasierter psychiatrischer Versorgung können in angepasster Form unter Beibehaltung ihrer wirksamen Komponenten im Rahmen des bestehenden deutschen Versorgungssystems umgesetzt werden.

Summary

The German Society for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Neurology (DGPPN) guidelines on psychosocial interventions for people with severe mental illness appraise the transferability of results of trials evaluating community-based mental health services to the German situation. This assessment has to draw on research results on factors determining effectiveness. This must be seen against the background of a lack of high-quality trials in Germany. The article discusses system, context and setting factors related to the transfer of evidence on community-based service models from other countries. These issues are discussed on the basis of evidence concerning the models of case management, assertive community treatment and community mental health teams. International differences in study findings are highlighted and the importance of treatment-as-usual in influencing study results is emphasized. The more control services including elements of community-based care there are and the less the pressure to reduce inpatient treatment (threshold to inpatient care admission), the smaller the relative effect sizes of innovative care models will be.

In the absence of direct evidence, careful examination of transferability is required before introducing health care models. Research has revealed solid evidence for several factors influencing the effects of innovative community mental health care. Among key factors in the care of people with severe mental illness, home visits and joint team responsibility for both psychiatric and social care were identified. This evidence can facilitate the adaptation of successful mental health care models in Germany.

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Weinmann, S., Gühne, U., Kösters, M. et al. Teambasierte Gemeindepsychiatrie. Nervenarzt 83, 825–831 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-011-3468-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-011-3468-3

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