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Mammalian sleep

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Abstract

This review examines the biological background to the development of ideas on rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep), so-called paradoxical sleep (PS), and its relation to dreaming. Aspects of the phenomenon which are discussed include physiological changes and their anatomical location, the effects of total and selective sleep deprivation in the human and animal, and REM sleep behavior disorder, the latter with its clinical manifestations in the human. Although dreaming also occurs in other sleep phases (non-REM or NREM sleep), in the human, there is a contingent relation between REM sleep and dreaming. Thus, REM is taken as a marker for dreaming and as REM is distributed ubiquitously throughout the mammalian class, it is suggested that other mammals also dream. It is suggested that the overall function of REM sleep/dreaming is more important than the content of the individual dream; its function is to place the dreamer protagonist/observer on the topographical world. This has importance for the developing infant who needs to develop a sense of self and separateness from the world which it requires to navigate and from which it is separated for long periods in sleep. Dreaming may also serve to maintain a sense of ‘I’ness or “self” in the adult, in whom a fragility of this faculty is revealed in neurological disorders.

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Notes

  1. International classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. Rochester, MN, American Sleep Disorders Association, 1990.

  2. A motor disorder of the central nervous system.

  3. Loss of volitional movement with retained consciousness.

  4. A man who developed epilepsy following a head injury with right frontal damage, wrote the following 20 years later after a seizure: ‘When I had the accident, I suffered partial loss of memory in which a lot of my childhood events and school events were lost. The night after the attack I suffered from very vivid dreams which were mostly associated with my childhood and events which had previously been lost to me. The events which I now find that I can recall from memory were lost to me before the attack

  5. Quoted by Lorenz (see Lorenz 1978).

  6. I have interviewed 5 subjects with congenital total blindness, ie, who have no visual imagery. All dream, sensing the world in the manner by which they sense it in their waking state. Example – ‘The kitten dinner: In this dream I was in my mother’s kitchen at the table. I could smell the aroma of a chicken roasting. Mum was talking but I do not know what she was saying. Mum put my dinner in front of me and told me it was chicken. I put my fork into the chicken and picked up a piece of it, putting it in my mouth. I then realized that what I believed was chicken was actually several tiny kittens on my plate along with the rest of my food. The reason that I knew that the meat was kittens was because I could feel the shape of a kitten’s ribs and spine in my mouth’.

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Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Professor T. Fitzgerald for help with various anatomical points and for a critical reading of the manuscript. I am also grateful to Sean Connolly for Fig. 1 and to Donal Costigan for his comments. I acknowledge the helpful comments of unnamed referees

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    Hugh Staunton

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Staunton, H. Mammalian sleep. Naturwissenschaften 92, 203–220 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-005-0618-0

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