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Gerinnungsmanagement bei Polytrauma mit Hilfe viskoelastischer Tests

Perioperative coagulation management in multiple trauma patients based on viscoelastic test results

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Zusammenfassung

Verbluten stellt bei Polytraumen die häufigste potentiell vermeidbare Todesursache dar. Rasche chirurgische Intervention gepaart mit einer frühen und aggressiven hämostatischen Therapie führt nicht nur zu Überlebensvorteilen koagulopathischer Traumapatienten, sondern senkt auch die Inzidenz von Komplikationen und dadurch Kosten. Standardgerinnungsbefunde sind wenig geeignet die Komplexität der traumainduzierten Koagulopathie (TIC) ausreichend zu charakterisieren. Diese Tatsache hat zu einer Renaissance viskoelastischer Testverfahren, wie Rotationsthromboelastometrie (ROTEM®) und Thrombelastographie (TEG®) geführt. ROTEM®/TEG sind als „Point-of-care-“ (POC-)Geräte einsetzbar. In einigen Traumazentren wurden daher Therapiealgorithmen entwickelt, bei denen sich die hämostatische Intervention auf die Ergebnisse dieser viskoelastischen Messungen stützt. Schock und Gewebetrauma aktivieren profibrinolytische Prozesse, die zu einer vorzeitigen Auflösung eines bestehenden Gerinnsels führen. Die (Hyper)fibrinolyse lässt sich mit Hilfe von Tranexamsäure rasch und kostengünstig hemmen. Viskoelastische Messungen konnten zeigen, dass eine verminderte Gerinnselstärke mit einer erhöhten Blutungsneigung einhergeht. Je nach Ursache kann durch die Gabe von Fibrinogen- und/oder Plättchenkonzentraten die Clotstärke optimiert werden. Die Thrombinbildung ist initial meist wenig eingeschränkt und lässt sich durch die Gabe von Plasma, Prothrombinkomplexkonzentrat oder mit Einschränkungen durch rekombinanten aktivierten Faktor VII verbessern.

Abstract

Exsanguination represents the most common and potentially preventable cause of death in major trauma patients. Rapid surgical intervention coupled with an early and aggressive hemostatic therapy not only results in survival benefits of coagulopathic trauma patients, but also reduces the incidence of complications and costs. Standard coagulation tests are not suitable to adequately characterize the complexity of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC). This fact has led to a renaissance of viscoelastic tests, such as rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) and thrombelastography (TEG®), which can be used as point-of-care monitors. In some trauma centers treatment algorithms have been developed, where hemostatic therapy is based on viscoelastic test results. Shock and tissue trauma activate profibrinolytic pathways which in turn result in premature dissolution of formed clots. Tranexamic acid rapidly and inexpensively blocks hyperfibrinolysis. ROTEM®/TEG® measurements revealed that diminished clot strength is associated with an increased bleeding tendency. Depending on the underlying cause, administration of fibrinogen concentrate and/or platelet concentrate administration improves clot firmness. Thrombin generation is initially less compromised and can be improved by the administration of plasma, prothrombin complex concentrate, or with restrictiveness by recombinant activated factor VII.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. Die Autoren weisen auf folgende Beziehungen hin: H. Schöchl erhielt Vortragshonorare und Studienunterstützungen von folgenden Firmen: CSL Behring, TEM international, Baxter, AOP Orphan. C.J. Schlimp erhielt Vortragshonorare und Studienunterstützung von CSL Behring, sowie Studienunterstützung von TEM international. W.Voelckel hat keine Interessenskonflikte. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Schöchl, H., Schlimp, C. & Voelckel, W. Gerinnungsmanagement bei Polytrauma mit Hilfe viskoelastischer Tests. Unfallchirurg 117, 111–117 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-013-2490-2

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