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Sehr kleine Frühgeborene an der Grenze der Lebensfähigkeit

Extremely immature infants at the limits of viability

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Zusammenfassung

Die Behandlung von Frühgeborenen an der Grenze der Lebensfähigkeit hat teilweise den Charakter experimenteller Medizin, die nur nach umfassender Aufklärung und mit ausdrücklicher Beauftragung durch die Eltern erfolgen sollte. Es besteht allerdings kein Konsens darüber, wo eine solche Grenze der Lebensfähigkeit anzusiedeln sei. Das mit einer Mortalität von rund 50 % assoziierte Gestationsalter ist in England von 25 Wochen 1995 auf 24 Wochen 2006 gesunken, während es 2004–2007 in Schweden 23 Wochen betrug. In Deutschland waren von den 2008–2012 auf einer neonatologischen Station aufgenommenen Frühgeborenen unter 500 g Geburtsgewicht mit AOK-Versicherungsstatus nach 180 Tagen noch 38 % am Leben; knapp 26 % der Frühgeborenen überlebten ohne Eingriff wegen posthämorrhagischem Hydrozephalus, nekrotisierender Enterokolitis oder Retinopathie. Untersuchungen ehemaliger Frühgeborener im Alter von 2 Jahren mit standardisierten Verfahren, wie sie in wissenschaftlichen Studien üblich sind, können im Einzelfall irreführende Ergebnisse liefern und sind für die Qualitätssicherung wenig brauchbar. Große Bedeutung haben hingegen Untersuchungen zum Zeitpunkt der Einschulung, in die Intelligenz, Gedächtnis und Exekutivfunktionen einfließen. Über einem Drittel der Kinder mit einem Geburtsgewicht unter 750 g wird zu diesem Zeitpunkt ein sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf attestiert, und Probleme in der Schule bleiben für ehemals Extremfrühgeborene ein bestimmendes Thema, insbesondere für Jungen. Als Erwachsene leiden ehemalige Extremfrühgeborene mehr unter Angststörungen, zeigen mehr autistische Wesenszüge und haben häufiger Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen als Kontrollpersonen, aber weniger Probleme mit Alkohol oder Drogen. Eine detaillierte Kenntnis der facettenreichen Problematik von Extremfrühgeborenen gehört zu den Voraussetzungen, um werdende Eltern an der Grenze der Lebensfähigkeit adäquat zu beraten.

Abstract

Treatment of extremely immature infants at the limits of viability can be considered as a form of experimental medicine, which can only be carried out following comprehensive informed consent and at the specific request of the parents; however, there is no general consensus on how to define the limits of viability. The gestational age associated with an overall 50 % mortality rate was decreased in England from 25 weeks in 1995 to 24 weeks in 2006, while it was 23 weeks in a 2004–2007 population-based cohort study in Sweden. In Germany, 38 % of infants with a birth weight below 500 g admitted to neonatal care in 2008–2012 were alive at 180 days and almost 26 % survived without surgical interventions for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, necrotizing enterocolitis or retinopathy. Neurodevelopmental assessment of former premature babies at 2 years of age using standardized tests, such as the Bayley scales of infant development, are commonly used endpoints in randomized controlled trials and large cohort studies but the results may be misleading in individual infants and should not be used for benchmarking purposes. More can be learnt from examinations at 5 years of age that look at intelligence, memory and executive functions. More than one third of surviving infants with a birth weight below 750 g will have special educational needs when entering primary school, and academic performance continues to be a major issue for these children, especially boys. Anxiety, autistic traits and attention deficits are more prevalent in adults born extremely preterm while rates of substance abuse are decreased, as compared to matched controls. Counseling expectant parents on the limits of viability requires detailed knowledge of mortality and morbidity of extremely preterm infants.

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Bührer, C. Sehr kleine Frühgeborene an der Grenze der Lebensfähigkeit. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 164, 660–667 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-016-0122-y

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