Abstract
The material removal in wood sanding is associated with the chip formation and flow, which is directly influenced by grits cutting geometries. Hence, typical single grits with conical, triangular pyramid (3 M) and pentagonal pyramid (5 M) cutting geometries were selected to experimentally simulate wood sanding on sugar maple wood (Acer saccharum). The results of dynamic chip formation showed that only 3 M geometry produced discernable continuous chips. Combined with the scratch morphology and the cutting force ratio, more cutting actions occurred for 3 M geometry, while the conical and 5 M geometry induced material compression and better surface quality. According to the established force model and the result of specific energy, the work done by tangential cutting force Ft to compress and densify wood material by the conical and 5 M geometry was similar and even larger than the work done by Ft to make debris caused by the 3 M geometry. Besides, less oscillation of Ft suggested that the 5 M geometry performed more stable negative-rake cutting. It can be concluded that the grit cutting geometry has a notable effect on the chip formation, surface quality and energy dissipation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alves MCdS, Santiago LFF, Gonçalves MTT, Valarelli IDD, Varasquim FMFA (2015) Effects of belt speed, pressure and grit size on the sanding of Pinus elliottii wood. CERNE 21(1):45–50. https://doi.org/10.1590/01047760201521011216
Anderson D, Warkentin A, Bauer R (2012) Comparison of spherical and truncated cone geometries for single abrasive-grain cutting. J Mater Process Technol 212(9):1946–1953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.04.021
Aurich JC, Steffes M (2011) Single grain scratch tests to determine elastic and plastic material behavior in grinding. AMR 325:48–53. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.325.48
Butler-Smith PW, Axinte DA, Pacella M, Fay MW (2013) Micro/nanometric investigations of the effects of laser ablation in the generation of micro-tools from solid CVD diamond structures. J Mater Process Technol 213(2):194–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.08.010
de Moura LF, Hernández RE (2006) Effects of abrasive mineral, grit size and feed speed on the quality of sanded surfaces of sugar maple wood. Wood Sci Technol 40(6):517–530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-006-0070-0
Ding Y, Shi G, Luo X, Shi G, Wang S (2020) Study on the critical negative rake angle of the negative rake angle tool based on the stagnant characteristics in micro-cutting. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 107(5–6):2055–2064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05158-4
Dornfeld DA (1981) Single grit simulation of the abrasive machining of wood. J Eng Ind 103(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3184456
Ghimire B, Park Bk, Oh S-H, Lee J, Son DC (2020) Wood anatomy of Korean Symplocos Jacq. (Symplocaceae). Korean J Pl Taxon 50(3):333–342. https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2020.50.3.333
Ghosh S, Chattopadhyay AB, Paul S (2008) Modelling of specific energy requirement during high-efficiency deep grinding. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 48(11):1242–1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2008.03.008
Guo XL, Deng MS, Wang JX, Zhu ZL (2020) Effects of geometric angle and cutting speed on cutting forces and tool wear of ceramic cutting tools during peripheral up-milling of high‐density fiberboard. Mater Werkst 51(4):461–468. https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.201900054
Heinzel C, Bleil N (2007) The use of the size effect in grinding for work-hardening. CIRP Ann 56(1):327–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2007.05.075
Kukielka L, Kustra J, Kukielka K (2005) Numerical analysis of states of strain and stress of material during machining with a single abrasive grain. https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/SECM05/SECM05006FU.pdf
Lee P, Nam J, Li C, Lee S (2012) An experimental study on micro-grinding process with nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). Int J Precis Eng Manuf 13(3):331–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-012-0042-2
Liao Z, Axinte DA (2016) On chip formation mechanism in orthogonal cutting of bone. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 102(1):41–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2015.12.004
Luo B, Li L, Liu H, Wang M, Xu M, Xing F (2015) Effects of sanding parameters on sanding force and normal force in sanding wood-based panels. Holzforschung 69(2):241–245. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0012
Malkin S, Hwang TW (1996) Grinding mechanisms for ceramics. CIRP Ann 45(2):569–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60511-3
Ohbuchi Y, Obikawa T (2006) Surface generation model in grinding with effect of grain shape and cutting speed. JSME Int J Ser C 49(1):114–120. https://doi.org/10.1299/jsmec.49.114
Patnaik Durgumahanti US, Singh V, Venkateswara Rao P (2010) A new model for grinding force prediction and analysis. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 50(3):231–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2009.12.004
Rasim M, Mattfeld P, Klocke F (2015) Analysis of the grain shape influence on the chip formation in grinding. J Mater Process Technol 226(Part B):60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.06.041
Setti D, Kirsch B, Aurich JC (2017) An analytical method for prediction of material deformation behavior in grinding using single grit analogy. Procedia CIRP 58:263–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.03.193
Singh V, Ghosh S, Rao PV (2011) Comparative study of specific plowing energy for mild steel and composite ceramics using single grit scratch tests. Mater Manuf Process 26(2):272–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2010.526979
Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Subari K, Liang CK (2009) Effect of sanding on surface roughness of rubberwood. J Mater Process Technol 209(8):3949–3955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.09.009
Ugulino B, Hernández RE (2018) Analysis of sanding parameters on surface properties and coating performance of red oak wood. Wood Mater Sci Eng 13(2):64–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2016.1266511
Usui E, Inoue M (1978) Plasticity analysis of cutting process with abrasive grain (1st report). J Jpn Soc Precis Eng 44(524):988–994. https://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.44.988
Vural M, Ravichandran G (2004) Failure mode transition and energy dissipation in naturally occurring composites. Compos Part B Eng 35(6–8):639–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2004.04.010
Wang H, Subhash G, Chandra A (2001) Characteristics of single-grit rotating scratch with a conical tool on pure titanium. Wear 249(7):566–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00585-3
Xu M, Li L, Wang M, Luo B (2014) Effects of surface roughness and wood grain on the friction coefficient of wooden materials for wood–wood frictional pair. Tribol Trans 57(5):871–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2014.920064
Xu M, Li L, Luo B, Xing F (2015) Study on sanding force and sanding optimal parameters of Manchurian ash. Eur J Wood Prod 73(3):385–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0905-1
Zhang J, Luo B, Li L, Liu H (2019) Cutting characteristics for sugar maple using single grit with spherical cone and triangular pyramid geometries. Material (Basel Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12213621
Zhang J, Sun P, Luo B, Li L, Liu H (2021) Surface creation and cutting characteristics during sugar maple wood scratching with spherical cone grit. Eur J Wood Prod 79(3):679–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01642-6
Acknowledgements
This work is financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (No. 2021ZY31). The authors are grateful for the support of MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering at Beijing Forestry University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, J., Luo, B., Li, L. et al. Influence mechanism of tool cutting geometry on chip formation in experimentally simulating wood sanding. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 81, 239–249 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-022-01869-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-022-01869-5