Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Sexuell übertragbare Hepatitisviren

Sexually transmissible hepatitis viruses

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Hautarzt Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Die Übertragung von Erregern einer viralen Hepatitis infolge sexueller Aktivität ist ein häufiges Problem in der ärztlichen Praxis. Zur Diagnostik der viralen Hepatitis wird ein Stufenschema vorgeschlagen. Zum initialen Screening genügt die Untersuchung auf anti-HBc, HBsAg, anti-HAV und anti-HCV. Je nach Konstellation schließen sich dann weitere Untersuchungen zu HBV, HCV und HAV an. Bei fehlendem Nachweis im initialen Screening folgen weitere Untersuchungen zu HEV oder Epstein-Barr-Virus, Zytomegalievirus oder weiteren Agenzien.

Abstract

The transmission of hepatitis viruses as a result of sexual activity is a common problem in medical practice. A system of stages is proposed to diagnose viral hepatitis. Testing for anti-HBc, HBsAg, anti-HAV and anti-HCV is sufficient for initial screening. Depending on the circumstances, this may be followed by further tests for HBV, HCV and HAV. If initial screening provides no evidence, further tests for HEV, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus or other agents are conducted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abb. 1
Abb. 2

Literatur

  1. Atkins M, Nolan M (2005) Sexual transmission of hepatitis B. Curr Opin Infect Dis 18:67–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Baumann N (2005) Hepatitis-E: Studie zum Vorkommen von HEV-IgG-Seroreaktivität in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern mit testvergleichender Untersuchung. Medizinische Fakultät. Universität Rostock, Rostock

  3. Boxall E, Herborn A, Kochethu G et al (2006) Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in a „nonhyperendemic“ country. Transfus Med 16:79–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Brook MG (2002) Sexually acquired hepatitis. Sex Transm Infect 78:235–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Christensen PB, Engle RE, Jacobsen SE et al (2002) High prevalence of hepatitis E antibodies among Danish prisoners and drug users. J Med Virol 66:49–55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cohen JI, Feinstone S, Purcell RH (1989) Hepatitis A virus infection in a chimpanzee: duration of viremia and detection of virus in saliva and throat swabs. J Infect Dis 160:887–890

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Cornberg M, Protzer U, Dollinger MM et al (2007) Prophylaxe, Diagnostik und Therapie der Hepatitis-B-Virus-(HBV-)Infektion: Upgrade of the guideline, AWMF-Register 021/011. Z Gastroenterol 45:525–574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Davison F, Alexander GJM, Trowbridge R et al (1987) Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in spermatozoa, urine, saliva and leucocytes, of chronic HBsAg carriers. J Hepatol 4:37–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. de Paula VS, Villar LM, Morais LM et al (2004) Detection of hepatitis A virus RNA in serum during the window period of infection. J Clin Virol 29:254–259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Emerson S, Purcell R (2003) Hepatitis E virus. Rev Med Virol 13:145–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Farci P, Chessa L, Balestrieri C et al (2007) Treatment of chronic hepatitis D. J Viral Hepat (14 Suppl) 1:58–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Funk ML, Rosenberg DM, Lok AS (2002) World-wide epidemiology of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B and associated precore and core promoter variants. J Viral Hepat 9:52–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Götz HM, van Doornum G, Niesters HGM et al (2005) A cluster of acute hepatitis C virus infection among men who have sex with men – results from contact tracing and public health implications. AIDS 19:969–974

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hahn JA (2007) Sex, drugs, and hepatitis C virus. JID 195:1557–1559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Jilg W (2002) Hepatitis-A-Virus und Hepatitis-E-Virus. In: Gerlich WH, Dörr W (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Klinischen Virologie. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, S 278–283

  16. Kamar N, Selves J, Mansuy J-M et al (2008) Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 358:811–817

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Lauer GM, Walker BD (2001) Hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 345:41–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lemon S (1997) Type A viral hepatitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention. Clin Chem 43:1494–1499

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Li TC, Chijiwa K, Sera N et al (2005) Hepatitis E virus transmission from wild boar meat. Emerg Infect Dis 11:1958–1960

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Liaw YF, Chiu KW, Chu CM et al (1990) Heterosexual transmission of hepatitis delta virus in the general population of an area endemic for hepatitis B virus infection: a prospective study. J Infect Dis 162:1170–1172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lu L, Li C, Hagedorn CH (2006) Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis. Rev Med Virol 16:5–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mazick A, Howitz M, Rex S et al (2005) Hepatitis A outbreak among MSM linked to casual sex and gay saunas in Copenhagen, Denmark. Euro Surveill 10:111–114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. McMahon BJ (2005) Epidemiology and natural history of hepatitis B. Semin Liver Dis 25 (Suppl 1):3–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. McMahon JM, Pouget ER, Tortu S (2007) Individual and couple-level risk factors for hepatitis C infection among heterosexual drug users: a multilevel dyadic analysis. J Infect Dis 195:1572–1581

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Mele A, Franco E, Caprilli F et al (1988) Hepatitis B and delta virus infection among heterosexuals, homosexuals and bisexual men. Eur J Epidemiol 4:488–491

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Mikhailov MI, Gomberg MA, Dolzhanskaya NA, Koubanova AA (2002) Significance of sexual route of transmission of hepatitis B and C in Russia. Int J STD AIDS 13 (Suppl 2):9–11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Moller B, Hopf U, Hoffmann H et al (1988) Frequency and clinical relevance of delta virus infection in HBsAg carriers in the Berlin area. Z Gastroenterol 26:314–321

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mushahwar IK (2008) Hepatitis E virus: molecular virology, clinical features, diagnosis, transmission, epidemiology, and prevention. J Med Virol 80:646–658

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Normann A, Jung C, Vallbracht A, Flehmig B (2004) Time course of hepatitis A viremia and viral load in the blood of human hepatitis A patients. J Med Virol 72:10–16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Pekler VA, Robbins WA, Nyamathi A et al (2003) Use of versant TMA and bDNA 3.0 assays to detect and quantify hepatitis C virus in semen. J Clin Lab Anal 17:264–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Qian W-P, Tan Y-Q, Chen Y et al (2005) Rapid quantification of semen hepatitis B virus DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction. World J Gastroenterol (34)11:5385–5389

    Google Scholar 

  32. Radjef N, Gordien E, Ivaniushina V et al (2004) Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate a wide and ancient radiation of African hepatitis delta virus, suggesting a deltavirus genus of at least seven major clades. J Virol 78:2537–2544

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Roggendorf M (2002) Hepatitis C Virus. In: Gerlich WH, Dörr W (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Klinischen Virologie. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, S 216–225

  34. Roggendorf M, Gmelin K, Zoulek G et al (1986) Epidemiological studies on the prevalence of hepatitis delta virus infections in the Federal Republic of Germany. J Hepatol 2:230–236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Romeo R, Ninno ED, Rumi M, Russo A et al (2009) A 28-year study of the course of hepatitis delta infection: a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology (in press)

  36. Rooney G, Gilson RJC (1998) Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus infection. Sex Transm Infect 74:399–404

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Schaefer S (2007) Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Europe. Hepatol Res 37:S20–S26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Schaefer S (2007) Hepatitis B virus taxonomy and hepatitis B virus genotypes. World J Gastroenterol 13:14–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Schaefer S (2009) Hepatitis E Virus. In: Gerlich WH, Dörr W (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Klinischen Virologie. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart (im Druck)

  40. Schaefer S, Arvand M, Gärtner B et al (2006) Diagnostik von Infektionen der Leber. Urban und Fischer, München Jena

  41. Schaefer S, Gerlich WH (2007) Viral infections of the liver: structure, replication and laboratory diagnosis of HBV and HDV.. In: Rodés J, Benhamou JP, Rizzetto M et al (eds) The textbook of hepatology: from basic science to clinical practice. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp 9.1.5–9.1.30

  42. Schaefer S, Glebe D, Gerlich WH (2009) Hepadnaviren: Hepatitis B Virus. In: Gerlich WH, Dörr W (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Klinischen Virologie. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart (im Druck)

  43. Shrestha MP, Scott RM, Joshi DM et al (2007) Safety and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med 356:895–903

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Simmonds P, Bukh J, Combet C et al (2005) Consensus proposals for a unified system of nomenclature of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology 42:962–973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Smith HM, Alexander GJ, Webb G et al (1992) Hepatitis B and delta virus infection among „at risk“ populations in south east London. J Epidemiol Community Health 46:144–147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Soriano V, Peters MG, Zeuzem S (2009) New therapies for hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 48:313–320

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Stene-Johansen K, Jenum PA, Hoel T et al (2002) An outbreak of hepatitis A among homosexuals linked to a family outbreak. Epidemiol Infect 129:113–117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Teich N, Tannapfel A, Ammon A et al (2003) Sporadic acute hepatitis E in Germany: an underdiagnosed phenomenon? Z Gastroenterol 41:419–423

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Thomas DL, Yarbough PO, Vlahov D et al (1997) Seroreactivity to hepatitis E virus in areas where the disease is not endemic. J Clin Microbiol 35:1244–1247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Van Damme P, Cramm M, Van der Auwera JC et al (1995) Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 345:27–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Vento S, Cainelli F, Longhi M (2002) Reactivation of replication of hepatitis B and C viruses after immunosuppressive therapy: an unresolved issue. Lancet Oncol 3:333–340

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Wejstǻl R (1999) Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol 31 (Suppl 1):92–95

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Zheng Y, Ge S, Zhang J et al (2006) Swine as a principal reservoir of hepatitis E virus that infects humans in eastern China. J Infect Dis 193:1643–1649

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universität Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Deutschland

    S. Schaefer

Authors
  1. S. Schaefer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Schaefer.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schaefer, S. Sexuell übertragbare Hepatitisviren. Hautarzt 60, 456–464 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-008-1692-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-008-1692-y

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Search

Navigation